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1095
Adhemar de Monteil (also: Ademar, Aimar, or Aelarz), Bishop of Le Puy, is chosen by Pope Urban II as the Papal Legate for the First Crusade. Although various secular leaders would argue amongst themselves over who led the Crusade, the pope always regards Adhemar as its true leader, reflecting the primacy of spiritual over political goals. Read More About the Crusades: What Were the Crusades? | Timelines of the Crusades
1096
The last of the four planned Crusader armies arrives at Constantinople, bringing the total numbers to approximately 50,000 knights and 500,000 footmen. Curiously there isn't a single king among the Crusade leaders, a sharp difference from later Crusades. At this time Philip I of France, William II of England, and Henry IV of Germany are all under excommunication by Pope Urban II. Read More About the Crusades: What Were the Crusades? | Timelines of the Crusades
1146
Conrad III arrives at Constantinople with the remnants of his army of German Crusaders. Read More About the Crusades: What Were the Crusades? | Timelines of the Crusades
1187
Richard I Lionheart of England becomes the first European ruler to take up the cross and agree to participate in the Third Crusade. Read More About the Crusades: What Were the Crusades? | Timelines of the Crusades
1198
A special tax on churches is created for the purpose of funding the Fourth Crusade. Read More About the Crusades: What Were the Crusades? | Timelines of the Crusades
1209
Crusaders attack the castle of Cabaret, near the French town of Lastours. Pierre-Roger de Cabarat manages to hold out, however. Read More About the Crusades: What Were the Crusades? | Timelines of the Crusades
1210
The town of Termes falls to the Crusaders after a siege that had lasted since August. Read More About the Crusades: What Were the Crusades? | Timelines of the Crusades
1217
Armies of the Fifth Crusade attack Mount Tabor. Read More About the Crusades: What Were the Crusades? | Timelines of the Crusades
1218
Amaury de Montfort, son of Simon, launches a siege against Marmande during the Crusade against Cathars in southern France. Read More About the Crusades: What Were the Crusades? | Timelines of the Crusades
1878
The second part of Friedrich Nietzsche's book Human, All Too Human ("Mixed Opinions and Maxims") was published.
1879
The third part of Friedrich Nietzsche's book Human, All Too Human ("The Wanderer and his Shadow") was published.
1895
Friedrich Nietzsche's mother signs a document surrendering all rights to her son's work, allowing Elisabeth Nietzsche to gain complete control over her brother's writings. Elisabeth proceeds to conceal those writings which she disapproves of and emphasizes those which appeared to have a more fascist and / or anti-semitic perspective.
1938
Another coup was launched in Iraq by a group known as "The Seven." Nuri al-Sa'id was named Prime Minister. The following year, Nuri al-Sa'id was forced out of office by the coup leaders.
1962
Pope John XXIII held an audience with the daughter and son-in-law of Premier Khruschev, leader of the USSR. This marked the first informal contact between Catholic and Communist leaders.
1981
The Israeli government votes to apply Israeli law in the Golan Heights. This is supported by the area's Jewish settlers, but not by its Druze inhabitants. Both the United Nations Security Council and the United States State Department condemned the move. The Golan Heights had been captured by Israel from Syrian during the Six-Day War in 1967.
1994
The Standing Conference of Orthodox Bishops in America met in Ligonier, Pennsylvania. This meeting was attended by the bishops of every ethnic Orthodox church in America as well as the self-governing Orthodox Church in America and even Native Americans from the original Alaskan diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church created in 1794. This meeting declared that the Orthodox churches in America were not in "diaspora" and should be united in doctrine, worship, and administrative organization.
1997
The Nippon Sei Ko Kai (the Anglican Church in Japan) issues an apology for its support of Japan's war of aggression during World War II. It admits that instead of standing up for "those who are oppressed and suffering" the church compromised to support the "militarism that drove the war effort."
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