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1213
Battle of Muret: Peter II of Aragon, I of Catalonia comes to the aid of the Cathars in Toulouse and Languedoc who are being harassed by Crusaders. Peter is killed and his army flees.
1226
After a siege of three months, Avignon capitulates to Louis VIII who had been leading the renewed Crusade against Cathars in southern France.
1362
Pope Innocent VI died.
1396
A combined force of French and Hungarian soldiers arrive at Nicopolis, Ottoman Turk city in Europe, and begin to lay siege.
1683
Polish and German forces attack the encamped Turks who had been besieging Vienna for the past two months. It is a complete rout and the Turks flee back to Istanbul in a panic.
1880
Journalist, author, and critic of religion Henry Louis Mencken was born.
1922
The Episcopal Church
voted 36-27 to removed the word "obey" from the bride's section of wedding vows.
1958
In a unanimous decision, the U.S. Supreme Court rejects a request to delay the racial integration of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. As a result, Governor Faubus immediately closed all high schools in Little Rock.
1980
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini issued four conditions for the release of American hostages: unfreezing Iranian assets, return of the shah's wealth, cancellation of legal claims against Iran, and a pledge not to interference in Iran's internal affairs.
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