Agnosticism / Atheism: Most Popular Articles
These articles are the most popular over the last month.
Woe Unto Those Who Disblieve Muhammad
If you hear the revelations of the Prophet Muhammad and don't believe, you're in a lot of trouble: "Woe unto each sinful liar, Who heareth the revelations of Allah recited unto him, and then continueth in pride as though he heard them not. Give him tidings of a painful doom. And when he knoweth aught of Our revelations he maketh it a jest. For such there is a shameful doom. Beyond them there is hell..."
If you hear the revelations of the Prophet Muhammad and don't believe, you're in a lot of trouble: "Woe unto each sinful liar, Who heareth the revelations of Allah recited unto him, and then continueth in pride as though he heard them not. Give him tidings of a painful doom. And when he knoweth aught of Our revelations he maketh it a jest. For such there is a shameful doom. Beyond them there is hell..."
Columns of Greek Temples: Secular and Religious Meanings - Doric, Ionic, Corinthian Columns and their Meanings
One of the most prominent features of Greek temples is their columns - although columns appear in architecture all around the world, they appear here in an especially significant form. The ancient Greeks constructed their temples along very specific lines, and that included their columns. Over the centuries three different styles (also called Orders) of column were used: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.
One of the most prominent features of Greek temples is their columns - although columns appear in architecture all around the world, they appear here in an especially significant form. The ancient Greeks constructed their temples along very specific lines, and that included their columns. Over the centuries three different styles (also called Orders) of column were used: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.
Zeus: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
This image is probably of Zeus sitting on his throne in the Temple of Zeus in Delphi. This was perhaps the most famous of all temples dedicated to Zeus in Greece, in part because of Phidias' massive statue. Pausanias gave the most detailed description of the statue
This image is probably of Zeus sitting on his throne in the Temple of Zeus in Delphi. This was perhaps the most famous of all temples dedicated to Zeus in Greece, in part because of Phidias' massive statue. Pausanias gave the most detailed description of the statue
Zombie Jesus: Only the Living Dead Can Give You Eternal Life
If Jesus died and was buried, but rose from the grave after three days, does that mean Jesus was an Original Zombie (OZ)? New Testament accounts describe him as having wounds you could stick your hands in, something that you can't normally do to living people, but dead people also aren't walking around. There are no stories about Jesus eating people's brains, but we can hardly expect his followers to draw attention to such behavior. Communion is about eating Jesus, not the other way around.
If Jesus died and was buried, but rose from the grave after three days, does that mean Jesus was an Original Zombie (OZ)? New Testament accounts describe him as having wounds you could stick your hands in, something that you can't normally do to living people, but dead people also aren't walking around. There are no stories about Jesus eating people's brains, but we can hardly expect his followers to draw attention to such behavior. Communion is about eating Jesus, not the other way around.
Atheism vs. Agnosticism
Many people who adopt the label of agnostic reject the label of atheist - there is a common perception that agnosticism is a more "reasonable" position while atheism is more "dogmatic," ultimately indistinguishable from theism except in the details. Is this a valid position to take?
Many people who adopt the label of agnostic reject the label of atheist - there is a common perception that agnosticism is a more "reasonable" position while atheism is more "dogmatic," ultimately indistinguishable from theism except in the details. Is this a valid position to take?
Phoenician Alphabet
In the above image, just a piece of a larger chart, standard Egyptian hieroglyphs appear to the left and next to them is Hieratic, a cursive script derived from the hieroglyphs. Next to that is Phoenician, itself already well developed from an earlier alphabet known as Proto-Canaanite. The similarities between Phoenician and Hieratic are clear; Proto-Canaanite, which doesn't appear in this chart, is usually a clear middle point between them.
In the above image, just a piece of a larger chart, standard Egyptian hieroglyphs appear to the left and next to them is Hieratic, a cursive script derived from the hieroglyphs. Next to that is Phoenician, itself already well developed from an earlier alphabet known as Proto-Canaanite. The similarities between Phoenician and Hieratic are clear; Proto-Canaanite, which doesn't appear in this chart, is usually a clear middle point between them.
Arguments Deductive, Inductive
Arguments can be separated into two categories: deductive and inductive. A deductive argument is one in which it is impossible for the premises to be true but the conclusion false. An inductive argument is one in which the premises are supposed to support the conclusion in such a way that if the premises are true, it is improbable that the conclusion would be false.
Arguments can be separated into two categories: deductive and inductive. A deductive argument is one in which it is impossible for the premises to be true but the conclusion false. An inductive argument is one in which the premises are supposed to support the conclusion in such a way that if the premises are true, it is improbable that the conclusion would be false.
Arguments Against Gay Marriage
The debate over the legalization of gay marriage in America is about more than just the status of gay couples; it's also about the future of American civil law. Either civil law is defined by the needs and rights of citizens, or civil laws will be placed under the dominion of religious laws and gay marriage will remain banned. Gay marriage furthermore represents a threat to established norms of authority, identity and power.
The debate over the legalization of gay marriage in America is about more than just the status of gay couples; it's also about the future of American civil law. Either civil law is defined by the needs and rights of citizens, or civil laws will be placed under the dominion of religious laws and gay marriage will remain banned. Gay marriage furthermore represents a threat to established norms of authority, identity and power.
Athena: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
The Greek goddess Athena was considered the child of Zeus alone for Zeus had swallowed her mother, Metis, and gave birth to Athena himself through his head and fully grown. She a goddess of civilization and war, reason and violence.
The Greek goddess Athena was considered the child of Zeus alone for Zeus had swallowed her mother, Metis, and gave birth to Athena himself through his head and fully grown. She a goddess of civilization and war, reason and violence.
Arguments for Gay Marriage
Debates over gay marriage involve both legal and social arguments, for and against. Legal arguments on behalf of gay marriage tend to get more attention because it should be a matter of basic civil and equal rights. Even if gay marriage were harmful, the equality and dignity of gay couples should be respected, though it's not true, or at least not demonstrable, that gay marriage would be harmful. On the contrary, there are good reasons to think that legalized gay marriage would benefit us all.
Debates over gay marriage involve both legal and social arguments, for and against. Legal arguments on behalf of gay marriage tend to get more attention because it should be a matter of basic civil and equal rights. Even if gay marriage were harmful, the equality and dignity of gay couples should be respected, though it's not true, or at least not demonstrable, that gay marriage would be harmful. On the contrary, there are good reasons to think that legalized gay marriage would benefit us all.
Torture & Sexual Repression
Interrogations of witches followed many standard Inquisition procedures, but with some added bonuses. Accused witches were all stripped naked, had all of their body hair shaved of, and then pricked. Red-hot tongs were applied to womens' breasts and genitalia. Researcher Nancy van Vuuren has written that 'The women's sex organs provided special attraction for the male torturer.'
Interrogations of witches followed many standard Inquisition procedures, but with some added bonuses. Accused witches were all stripped naked, had all of their body hair shaved of, and then pricked. Red-hot tongs were applied to womens' breasts and genitalia. Researcher Nancy van Vuuren has written that 'The women's sex organs provided special attraction for the male torturer.'
Hera: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
Both brother and husband of Zeus, Hera is queen of the gods. The Greeks revered her as protector of marriage, especially married women. This may be because she had such a difficult marriage herself. Zeus was not the least bit faithful, always succumbing to his lust for other women - mortal as well as immortal.
Both brother and husband of Zeus, Hera is queen of the gods. The Greeks revered her as protector of marriage, especially married women. This may be because she had such a difficult marriage herself. Zeus was not the least bit faithful, always succumbing to his lust for other women - mortal as well as immortal.
Da Vinci's Last Supper: Where is the Holy Grail?
One interesting claim made by Dan Brown and followers of his ideas is that there is no cup in Leonardo Da Vinci's Last Supper. They use this as evidence for the idea that the 'real' Holy Gail wasn't a cup at all, but Mary Magdalene who was married to Jesus and the mother of his child whose descendants were, among others, the Merovingian Dynasty. This terrible "secret" is supposed to be something that Catholic Church officials are willing to kill over.
One interesting claim made by Dan Brown and followers of his ideas is that there is no cup in Leonardo Da Vinci's Last Supper. They use this as evidence for the idea that the 'real' Holy Gail wasn't a cup at all, but Mary Magdalene who was married to Jesus and the mother of his child whose descendants were, among others, the Merovingian Dynasty. This terrible "secret" is supposed to be something that Catholic Church officials are willing to kill over.
What Are Virtue Ethics?
Virtue-based ethical theories place much less emphasis on which rules people should follow and instead focus on helping people develop good character traits, such as kindness and generosity. These character traits will, in turn, allow a person to make the correct decisions later on in life.
Virtue-based ethical theories place much less emphasis on which rules people should follow and instead focus on helping people develop good character traits, such as kindness and generosity. These character traits will, in turn, allow a person to make the correct decisions later on in life.
Ethics as Obedience to God
Deontological moral systems are characterized by a focus upon adherence to independent moral rules or duties. To make the correct moral choices, we have to understand what our moral duties are and what correct rules exist to regulate those duties. When we follow our duty, we are behaving morally. When we fail to follow our duty, we are behaving immorally. Typically in any deontological system, our duties, rules, and obligations are determined by God. Being moral is thus a matter of obeying God.
Deontological moral systems are characterized by a focus upon adherence to independent moral rules or duties. To make the correct moral choices, we have to understand what our moral duties are and what correct rules exist to regulate those duties. When we follow our duty, we are behaving morally. When we fail to follow our duty, we are behaving immorally. Typically in any deontological system, our duties, rules, and obligations are determined by God. Being moral is thus a matter of obeying God.
Hermes / Mercury by Giambologna: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
The sculpture of Mercury (Hermes) by Giambologna is one of his most famous and is familiar to people all over the world. It depicts Hermes standing on a column of air coming from the mouth of Zephyr, creating an illusion of floating.
The sculpture of Mercury (Hermes) by Giambologna is one of his most famous and is familiar to people all over the world. It depicts Hermes standing on a column of air coming from the mouth of Zephyr, creating an illusion of floating.
Architecture of the Kaaba
The name Kaaba means 'cube,' but the structure isn't a cube: it measures 12m long, 10m wide, and 15m high (33 feet x 50 feet x 45 feet). The Kaaba is built from grey granite and each corner points to one of the four points of the compass. The single Entrance is on the northeast, side, 2.3m above the ground. The interior of the Kaaba is bare except for three supporting wooden pillars and gold hanging lamps. Affixed to the eastern corner of the Kaaba, about 1.5m up, is the Black Stone of Mecca.
The name Kaaba means 'cube,' but the structure isn't a cube: it measures 12m long, 10m wide, and 15m high (33 feet x 50 feet x 45 feet). The Kaaba is built from grey granite and each corner points to one of the four points of the compass. The single Entrance is on the northeast, side, 2.3m above the ground. The interior of the Kaaba is bare except for three supporting wooden pillars and gold hanging lamps. Affixed to the eastern corner of the Kaaba, about 1.5m up, is the Black Stone of Mecca.
Why Don't Atheists Believe?
A common question which atheists hear a lot is 'why don't you believe in God?' Theists, religious or not, have trouble imagining why anyone would not believe in at least some sort of god, preferably their own. When a belief occupies such a central place in a person's life and even identity, this is understandable. The fact is, there are many reasons why atheists might not believe in any gods. Most atheists can cite multiple reasons and every atheist is different.
A common question which atheists hear a lot is 'why don't you believe in God?' Theists, religious or not, have trouble imagining why anyone would not believe in at least some sort of god, preferably their own. When a belief occupies such a central place in a person's life and even identity, this is understandable. The fact is, there are many reasons why atheists might not believe in any gods. Most atheists can cite multiple reasons and every atheist is different.
Witch Hunts & Persecution in America
As most Americans know, witch hunts also affected the American colonies. The Salem witch trials pursued the Massachusetts Puritans have entered American consciousness as being much more then just the killing of witches. They, like the trials of Europe, have become a symbol. In our case, the witch trials have become a symbol of what can go wrong when mobs of ignorant people go crazy, especially when egged on by just as ignorant and/or power hungry leaders.
As most Americans know, witch hunts also affected the American colonies. The Salem witch trials pursued the Massachusetts Puritans have entered American consciousness as being much more then just the killing of witches. They, like the trials of Europe, have become a symbol. In our case, the witch trials have become a symbol of what can go wrong when mobs of ignorant people go crazy, especially when egged on by just as ignorant and/or power hungry leaders.
Peter the Apostle: Profile
There are two reasons why Peter is important for understanding Christianity. First, he is treated as a model for Christians to follow. In theory, Christians are expect to act as Peter is described as acting - for better and for worse. Second, the gospels describe Jesus as calling Peter his 'rock' upon which the future church would be built. After his martyrdom in Rome, traditions developed which led to the belief that the most important Christian church organization was located in Rome.
There are two reasons why Peter is important for understanding Christianity. First, he is treated as a model for Christians to follow. In theory, Christians are expect to act as Peter is described as acting - for better and for worse. Second, the gospels describe Jesus as calling Peter his 'rock' upon which the future church would be built. After his martyrdom in Rome, traditions developed which led to the belief that the most important Christian church organization was located in Rome.
Free Speech and Censorship
Index of United States Court Decisions the right to free speech, including both Supreme Court and lower court rulings. The right to free speech may be written in the Constitution, but the government often tries to find ways to regulate, restrict, or just prohibit unpopular forms of speech. Why, and what have the results been?
Index of United States Court Decisions the right to free speech, including both Supreme Court and lower court rulings. The right to free speech may be written in the Constitution, but the government often tries to find ways to regulate, restrict, or just prohibit unpopular forms of speech. Why, and what have the results been?
analogous / homologous structures
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - analogous / homologous structures
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - analogous / homologous structures
Popes of the 10th Century
Here is a list of all of the popes who reigned during the tenth century. The first number is which pope they were. This is followed by their chosen name, the starting and ending dates of their reigns, and finally the number of years they were pope. Follow the links to read short biographies of each pope and learn about what they did, what they believed, and what impact they had on the course of the Roman Catholic Church.
Here is a list of all of the popes who reigned during the tenth century. The first number is which pope they were. This is followed by their chosen name, the starting and ending dates of their reigns, and finally the number of years they were pope. Follow the links to read short biographies of each pope and learn about what they did, what they believed, and what impact they had on the course of the Roman Catholic Church.
Executing Witches and Eliminating Witchcraft
Burning and hanging were the most popular forms of execution for accused witches in medieval Europe. Burning seems to have been most common in continental Europe while hanging was more common in Britain -- and thus also in the American colonies later as well. The death penalty was imposed on a wide variety of crimes in this era, but witchcraft in particular was punished by death on the basis of Exodus 22:18.
Burning and hanging were the most popular forms of execution for accused witches in medieval Europe. Burning seems to have been most common in continental Europe while hanging was more common in Britain -- and thus also in the American colonies later as well. The death penalty was imposed on a wide variety of crimes in this era, but witchcraft in particular was punished by death on the basis of Exodus 22:18.
Ethics of Abortion
Usually debates about abortion focus on politics and the law: should abortion be outlawed and treated like the murder of a human person, or remain a legal choice available to all women? Behind the debates are more fundamental ethical questions which aren't always given the specific attention they deserve. Some believe that the law shouldn't legislate morality, but all good law is based upon moral values. A failure to openly discuss those values can obscure important discussions.
Usually debates about abortion focus on politics and the law: should abortion be outlawed and treated like the murder of a human person, or remain a legal choice available to all women? Behind the debates are more fundamental ethical questions which aren't always given the specific attention they deserve. Some believe that the law shouldn't legislate morality, but all good law is based upon moral values. A failure to openly discuss those values can obscure important discussions.
Illustration of a German Crusader: Knights of the Crusades Gallery
German knights played important roles throughout the Crusades and, during the Third Crusade, they might have been successful in defeating Saladin's armies had Frederick I Barbarossa not drowned on the way.
German knights played important roles throughout the Crusades and, during the Third Crusade, they might have been successful in defeating Saladin's armies had Frederick I Barbarossa not drowned on the way.
Hades and Persephone: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
Not being especially popular among other immortals, he didn't have much luck in love. One day he spotted Persephone, daughter of Demeter, and decided that instead of trying to woo her (a goal he was unlikely to have success with) he would simply abduct her.
Not being especially popular among other immortals, he didn't have much luck in love. One day he spotted Persephone, daughter of Demeter, and decided that instead of trying to woo her (a goal he was unlikely to have success with) he would simply abduct her.
Demeter: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
With Zeus, Demeter had a daughter named Persephone - though in ancient Greek texts she is frequently referred to simply as Kore, or The Girl. Demeter and Persephone were often so closely linked that they were called The Two Goddesses or The Demeters and assumed joint responsibility for the life of vegetation.
With Zeus, Demeter had a daughter named Persephone - though in ancient Greek texts she is frequently referred to simply as Kore, or The Girl. Demeter and Persephone were often so closely linked that they were called The Two Goddesses or The Demeters and assumed joint responsibility for the life of vegetation.
Hades / Haides / Pluto: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
Hades is generally depicted as being mirthless, pitiless, morbid, and morose. He was not the personification of death (Thanatos), but he was responsible for ruling over the shades of the dead - a thankless task, perhaps resulting in his generally unpleasant demeanor.
Hades is generally depicted as being mirthless, pitiless, morbid, and morose. He was not the personification of death (Thanatos), but he was responsible for ruling over the shades of the dead - a thankless task, perhaps resulting in his generally unpleasant demeanor.
Origin of the Pantheon in Rome
The original Pantheon of Rome was built between 27 & 25 BCE, under the consulship of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. It was dedicated to 12 gods of heaven and focused on Augustus' cult and Romans believed that Romulus ascended to heaven from this spot. Agrippa's structure, which was rectangular, was destroyed in 80 CE and what we see today is a reconstruction done in 118 CE under the leadership of emperor Hadrian, who even restored the original inscription on the facade.
The original Pantheon of Rome was built between 27 & 25 BCE, under the consulship of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. It was dedicated to 12 gods of heaven and focused on Augustus' cult and Romans believed that Romulus ascended to heaven from this spot. Agrippa's structure, which was rectangular, was destroyed in 80 CE and what we see today is a reconstruction done in 118 CE under the leadership of emperor Hadrian, who even restored the original inscription on the facade.
Ethics of Organ Transplants
Ethics of Organ Transplants - how do we get organs? Who should pay? Who should be allowed to have them, and why? There are more ethical dilemmas than you may realize...
Ethics of Organ Transplants - how do we get organs? Who should pay? Who should be allowed to have them, and why? There are more ethical dilemmas than you may realize...
Troy Map: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
Before 3500 BCE Greece looked like much of the rest of Europe: mud-brick houses and simple painted pottery. Because of Troy, however, the influence of the East began to take hold and a new sort of civilization began to develop, characterized most obviously by stone fortifications on various hilltops...
Before 3500 BCE Greece looked like much of the rest of Europe: mud-brick houses and simple painted pottery. Because of Troy, however, the influence of the East began to take hold and a new sort of civilization began to develop, characterized most obviously by stone fortifications on various hilltops...
Timeline of Cloning History
Timeline of Cloning History - how the science of cloning has developed over the past century.
Timeline of Cloning History - how the science of cloning has developed over the past century.
What is the Pantheon in Rome?
Today a Christian church, the Pantheon is the best preserved of all ancient Roman buildings and has been in near-continuous use since Hadrian's reconstruction. From a distance the Pantheon is not as awe-inspiring as other ancient monuments — the dome appears low, not much higher than surrounding buildings. Inside, the Pantheon is among the most impressive in existence. Its inscription, M·AGRIPPA·L·F·COS·TERTIUM·FECIT, means: Marcus Agrippa, son of Lucius, consul for the third time, built this.
Today a Christian church, the Pantheon is the best preserved of all ancient Roman buildings and has been in near-continuous use since Hadrian's reconstruction. From a distance the Pantheon is not as awe-inspiring as other ancient monuments — the dome appears low, not much higher than surrounding buildings. Inside, the Pantheon is among the most impressive in existence. Its inscription, M·AGRIPPA·L·F·COS·TERTIUM·FECIT, means: Marcus Agrippa, son of Lucius, consul for the third time, built this.
Hephaistos: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
The son of Hera and Zeus or perhaps just Hera - the stories conflict on this point - Hephaistos (Hephaestus) was ugly and lame, thus leading to his exclusion from the company of the other gods. But, while he may have been shunned for his awful looks, he was also much sought after for his skills as a craftsman.
The son of Hera and Zeus or perhaps just Hera - the stories conflict on this point - Hephaistos (Hephaestus) was ugly and lame, thus leading to his exclusion from the company of the other gods. But, while he may have been shunned for his awful looks, he was also much sought after for his skills as a craftsman.
Ethics of Reality TV: Should We Watch?
Ethics of Reality TV: Should We Watch? Reality TV commonly involves putting people in humiliating, painful, and embarrassing situations. Is it ethical to do this - especially for a profit? Is it ethical to find such situations entertaining? What do such shows say about us?
Ethics of Reality TV: Should We Watch? Reality TV commonly involves putting people in humiliating, painful, and embarrassing situations. Is it ethical to do this - especially for a profit? Is it ethical to find such situations entertaining? What do such shows say about us?
Poseidon of Melos: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
Poseidon is normally depicted with a beard and he commonly carries a trident which he used to split rocks or cause earthquakes. It is also common for him to appear with a dolphin, as with this marble statue created around 130 BCE on the island of Melos. Sometimes the dolphin or dolphins are pulling him along in a shell-chariot.
Poseidon is normally depicted with a beard and he commonly carries a trident which he used to split rocks or cause earthquakes. It is also common for him to appear with a dolphin, as with this marble statue created around 130 BCE on the island of Melos. Sometimes the dolphin or dolphins are pulling him along in a shell-chariot.
Belvedere Apollo: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
The Greek god Apollo had dominion in one manner or another over plague, colonies, reason, dance, intellect, and herds of domesticated animals. Because of the common epithet Phoebus Apollo (Apollo, God of the Light), he is sometimes confused with the sun god Helios, but they never merged in the ancient myths.
The Greek god Apollo had dominion in one manner or another over plague, colonies, reason, dance, intellect, and herds of domesticated animals. Because of the common epithet Phoebus Apollo (Apollo, God of the Light), he is sometimes confused with the sun god Helios, but they never merged in the ancient myths.
Karl Marx & Religion
Karl Marx is one of the most famous and commonly quoted critics of religion - but many of those doing the quoting don't really understand what Marx actually thought about religion. His ideas were interesting and insightful - they deserve to be explained and understood properly.
Karl Marx is one of the most famous and commonly quoted critics of religion - but many of those doing the quoting don't really understand what Marx actually thought about religion. His ideas were interesting and insightful - they deserve to be explained and understood properly.
Ethics: Deontological, Teleological and Virtue
Ethics FAQ: Deontological, Teleological and Virtue Ethics. How do these three type of normative ethical systems differ? What are their different approaches and how do they arrive at different or even similar answers to ethical questions?
Ethics FAQ: Deontological, Teleological and Virtue Ethics. How do these three type of normative ethical systems differ? What are their different approaches and how do they arrive at different or even similar answers to ethical questions?
Church/State Myths
When discussing the separation of church and state, it quickly becomes apparent that there is a lot of misinformation, misunderstandings, and myths floating around which distort people's perception of critical issues. It simply isn't possible to come to a reasonable understanding about the nature of how religion and government should interact when people do not have all of the facts - or, even worse, when what they think are facts turn out to simply be errors.
When discussing the separation of church and state, it quickly becomes apparent that there is a lot of misinformation, misunderstandings, and myths floating around which distort people's perception of critical issues. It simply isn't possible to come to a reasonable understanding about the nature of how religion and government should interact when people do not have all of the facts - or, even worse, when what they think are facts turn out to simply be errors.
Violence: Witches & Witchcraft
Witches have long been feared and hated in Christian circles. Even today, pagans and Wiccans remain a target of Christian persecution - especially in America. It seems that they long ago took on an identity which reached far beyond their own existence and became a symbol for Christians - but a symbol of what? Maybe an examination of the events will give us some clues.
Witches have long been feared and hated in Christian circles. Even today, pagans and Wiccans remain a target of Christian persecution - especially in America. It seems that they long ago took on an identity which reached far beyond their own existence and became a symbol for Christians - but a symbol of what? Maybe an examination of the events will give us some clues.
Saint Peter the Apostle
The years of Peter's birth and death are unknown. Christian tradition has it that Peter died in Rome during the persecution of Christians around 64 CE under emperor Nero. Archaeological digs have uncovered what might be a shrine to Peter under St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, a shrine that could conceivably have been built over his grave. Traditions about Peter's martyrdom in Rome were instrumental in the development of the idea of the primacy of Rome's Christian church.
The years of Peter's birth and death are unknown. Christian tradition has it that Peter died in Rome during the persecution of Christians around 64 CE under emperor Nero. Archaeological digs have uncovered what might be a shrine to Peter under St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, a shrine that could conceivably have been built over his grave. Traditions about Peter's martyrdom in Rome were instrumental in the development of the idea of the primacy of Rome's Christian church.
Karl Marx on Religion
This quote is reproduced a great deal and is probably the only Marx quote that most people are familiar with. Unfortunately, if someone is familiar with it they are likely only familiar with a small portion that, taken by itself, tends to give a distorted impression of what Marx had to say about religion.
This quote is reproduced a great deal and is probably the only Marx quote that most people are familiar with. Unfortunately, if someone is familiar with it they are likely only familiar with a small portion that, taken by itself, tends to give a distorted impression of what Marx had to say about religion.
Basic Muslim Beliefs: Muslim Beliefs in Submission to God, Purity, Monotheism -
There are a number of beliefs which go beyond the Five Pillars, or which are logically dependent upon the Five Pillars.
There are a number of beliefs which go beyond the Five Pillars, or which are logically dependent upon the Five Pillars.
Artemis: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
Twin sister of Apollo and daughter of Zeus (with Leto), Artemis was one of the most important goddesses of the Greeks. For the Greeks, Artemis was goddess of the hunt, protector of wild game, and watcher over childbirth.
Twin sister of Apollo and daughter of Zeus (with Leto), Artemis was one of the most important goddesses of the Greeks. For the Greeks, Artemis was goddess of the hunt, protector of wild game, and watcher over childbirth.
Aphrodite and Eros: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
Aphrodite was the Greek goddess of love, beauty, fertility, procreation, sexuality, seduction, and harmony who was born out of the severed genitalia of Uranus. Aphrodite's seductions and temptations were a constant source of pleasure and danger for both gods and mortals.
Aphrodite was the Greek goddess of love, beauty, fertility, procreation, sexuality, seduction, and harmony who was born out of the severed genitalia of Uranus. Aphrodite's seductions and temptations were a constant source of pleasure and danger for both gods and mortals.
Quotes on Religion - Carl Sagan
Freethought Quotations: Carl Sagan.: baloney detection sagan carl carl sagan ocean of confusion bamboozle
Freethought Quotations: Carl Sagan.: baloney detection sagan carl carl sagan ocean of confusion bamboozle
Religious Traditions, Abortion
When religious positions on abortion are discussed, we usually hear how abortion is condemned and regarded as murder. Religious traditions are more pluralistic and varied than that, however, and even within those religions most publicly opposed to abortion, we find that there are traditions which would permit abortion, even if only in limited circumstances. It's important to understand these traditions because not every religion regards abortion as a simplistic, black & white decision.
When religious positions on abortion are discussed, we usually hear how abortion is condemned and regarded as murder. Religious traditions are more pluralistic and varied than that, however, and even within those religions most publicly opposed to abortion, we find that there are traditions which would permit abortion, even if only in limited circumstances. It's important to understand these traditions because not every religion regards abortion as a simplistic, black & white decision.
Social Darwinism: Darwinism is an Atheist Lie, Except in Politics
A common argument used by conservative Christians against evolutionary theory is the idea that it reduces humanity to mere physical beings and morality to "survival of the fittest." They don't often mention Social Darwinism by name, yet these same conservative Christians often support politics similar Social Darwinism in their effects, if not their intent. How can Christians be so horrified by the alleged moral and social consequences of "Darwinism" while supporting Social Darwinism?
A common argument used by conservative Christians against evolutionary theory is the idea that it reduces humanity to mere physical beings and morality to "survival of the fittest." They don't often mention Social Darwinism by name, yet these same conservative Christians often support politics similar Social Darwinism in their effects, if not their intent. How can Christians be so horrified by the alleged moral and social consequences of "Darwinism" while supporting Social Darwinism?
Hestia: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
On account of the close relationship between Greek homes and wider Greek communities, it was common for there to be public hearths dedicated to Hestia where the fire was never allowed to go out.
On account of the close relationship between Greek homes and wider Greek communities, it was common for there to be public hearths dedicated to Hestia where the fire was never allowed to go out.
Theseus: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
Theseus was one of the great legendary kings of Athens. The Temple of Hephaestus in Athens has, in the past, been called the Thession in the belief that it had been dedicated to him and, perhaps, had held his bones. Like other Greek heroes Theseus was the son of a mortal (Aethra) and an immortal (Olympian god Poseidon).
Theseus was one of the great legendary kings of Athens. The Temple of Hephaestus in Athens has, in the past, been called the Thession in the belief that it had been dedicated to him and, perhaps, had held his bones. Like other Greek heroes Theseus was the son of a mortal (Aethra) and an immortal (Olympian god Poseidon).
Atheism 101
I see a lot of misunderstandings and errors about atheism and atheists all over the net. People don't understand what atheism is, what the definition of atheism is, or the difference between atheism and agnosticism. People claim that atheism is a religion, that it requires faith, that it's a form of denial, that there are no real atheists, and that there are no atheists in foxholes. This introduction to atheism answers most of the most common questions and mistakes about atheism.
I see a lot of misunderstandings and errors about atheism and atheists all over the net. People don't understand what atheism is, what the definition of atheism is, or the difference between atheism and agnosticism. People claim that atheism is a religion, that it requires faith, that it's a form of denial, that there are no real atheists, and that there are no atheists in foxholes. This introduction to atheism answers most of the most common questions and mistakes about atheism.
Epistemology, Atheism, Theism
Epistemology is important because it is fundamental to how we think. Without some means of understanding how we acquire knowledge, how we rely upon our senses, and how we develop concepts in our minds, we have no coherent path for our thinking. Many debates between atheist and theists revolve around basic epistemological principles. Without understanding this and understanding the various epistemological positions, people will just end up talking past each other.
Epistemology is important because it is fundamental to how we think. Without some means of understanding how we acquire knowledge, how we rely upon our senses, and how we develop concepts in our minds, we have no coherent path for our thinking. Many debates between atheist and theists revolve around basic epistemological principles. Without understanding this and understanding the various epistemological positions, people will just end up talking past each other.
Biography: Saint Peter
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - a short biography of Saint Peter
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - a short biography of Saint Peter
Critiquing Arguments
Assuming that we have established that we have an actual argument, the next step is to examine it for validity. There are two points on which an argument might fail: its premises or its inferences. Because of this, it is necessary to distinguish between valid arguments and sound arguments.
Assuming that we have established that we have an actual argument, the next step is to examine it for validity. There are two points on which an argument might fail: its premises or its inferences. Because of this, it is necessary to distinguish between valid arguments and sound arguments.
Jerusalem: Wailing Wall, 1927
The Wailing Wall, located in Jerusalem, is considered by both Jews and Muslims as a significant and holy site. In this image we have several women standing up against the wall, praying. Today there is a fence (mechitza) separating men from women - Orthodox Jewish men don't believe that it is acceptable to pray right alongside women. Men, of course, are given the much larger area for prayers.
The Wailing Wall, located in Jerusalem, is considered by both Jews and Muslims as a significant and holy site. In this image we have several women standing up against the wall, praying. Today there is a fence (mechitza) separating men from women - Orthodox Jewish men don't believe that it is acceptable to pray right alongside women. Men, of course, are given the much larger area for prayers.
Chronology of Modern Christianity: Timeline of the Salem Witch Panic and Trials
Chronology of Modern Christianity: Timeline of the Salem Witch Panic and Trials. Chronology of events, people and places in Salem, Massachusettes. Includes links for more detailed information on specific topics, people, and events.
Chronology of Modern Christianity: Timeline of the Salem Witch Panic and Trials. Chronology of events, people and places in Salem, Massachusettes. Includes links for more detailed information on specific topics, people, and events.
Last Supper, painting by Leonardo Da Vinci, 1498
The Lord's Supper, which was the final meal of Jesus with his disciples and the time when he is recorded as having instituted the communion celebration, has been the subject of innumerable artistic interpretations. Perhaps the most famous is the painting Last Supper, created by Leonardo Da Vinci in 1498 for Duke Lodovico Sforza and painted in the Dominican church of Santa Maria delle Grazie, the duke's family chapel and burial place.
The Lord's Supper, which was the final meal of Jesus with his disciples and the time when he is recorded as having instituted the communion celebration, has been the subject of innumerable artistic interpretations. Perhaps the most famous is the painting Last Supper, created by Leonardo Da Vinci in 1498 for Duke Lodovico Sforza and painted in the Dominican church of Santa Maria delle Grazie, the duke's family chapel and burial place.
Metaphysics, Atheism, Theism
Atheists typically dismiss the existence of the supernatural, so they may dismiss metaphysics as pointless. Because metaphysics is technically the study of all reality, and thus whether there is any supernatural element to it, metaphysics may be the most fundamental subject for irreligious atheists to focus on. Our ability to understand what reality is, what it is composed of, what "existence" means, etc., is basic to most disagreements between irreligious atheists and religious theists.
Atheists typically dismiss the existence of the supernatural, so they may dismiss metaphysics as pointless. Because metaphysics is technically the study of all reality, and thus whether there is any supernatural element to it, metaphysics may be the most fundamental subject for irreligious atheists to focus on. Our ability to understand what reality is, what it is composed of, what "existence" means, etc., is basic to most disagreements between irreligious atheists and religious theists.
Objective vs. Subjective
Distinctions between objectivity and subjectivity lie at the heart of debates and conflicts in philosophy, morality, journalism, science, and more. Very often "objective" is treated as a vital goal while "subjective" is used as a criticism. Objective judgements are good; subjective judgments are arbitrary. Objective standards are good; subjective standards are corrupt. Reality isn't so clean and neat: there are areas where objectivity is preferable, but other areas where subjectivity is better.
Distinctions between objectivity and subjectivity lie at the heart of debates and conflicts in philosophy, morality, journalism, science, and more. Very often "objective" is treated as a vital goal while "subjective" is used as a criticism. Objective judgements are good; subjective judgments are arbitrary. Objective standards are good; subjective standards are corrupt. Reality isn't so clean and neat: there are areas where objectivity is preferable, but other areas where subjectivity is better.
The Kaaba, the Black Stone, and Muslim Sins
The Black Stone was a gift to Adam when he and Eve were expelled from the Garden of Eden and later became a symbol of God's covenant with Abraham, Ismail, and thus the Muslim community. By saluting the Black Stone as they pass, Muslims renew their covenant with God. Muslims call to it the "cornerstone of the House" or the "right hand of God on earth" and say it was originally white, but went black by absorbing sins; it thus serves as a symbol of human degradation and need for God's forgiveness.
The Black Stone was a gift to Adam when he and Eve were expelled from the Garden of Eden and later became a symbol of God's covenant with Abraham, Ismail, and thus the Muslim community. By saluting the Black Stone as they pass, Muslims renew their covenant with God. Muslims call to it the "cornerstone of the House" or the "right hand of God on earth" and say it was originally white, but went black by absorbing sins; it thus serves as a symbol of human degradation and need for God's forgiveness.
Religious Rituals, Festivals, Sacrifices: Connecting Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion with Modern Religion
Although it may be common to speak of a Greek 'religion,' in fact the Greeks themselves didn't use such a term and might not have recognized it had someone else attempted to apply it to their practices. It's difficult to accept the idea that the Greeks where completely secular and irreligious, however. This is why a better understanding of Greek religion helps illuminate the nature of religion generally as well as the nature of religions which continue to be followed today. This, in turn, is critical for anyone who wants to engage in a sustained critique of religion and religious beliefs.
Although it may be common to speak of a Greek 'religion,' in fact the Greeks themselves didn't use such a term and might not have recognized it had someone else attempted to apply it to their practices. It's difficult to accept the idea that the Greeks where completely secular and irreligious, however. This is why a better understanding of Greek religion helps illuminate the nature of religion generally as well as the nature of religions which continue to be followed today. This, in turn, is critical for anyone who wants to engage in a sustained critique of religion and religious beliefs.
History of American Religion: Timeline 1600 - 2004
When did the first Catholics arrive in America? When did Pentecostalism first develop? When was Jerry Falwell's church was finally desegregated? When did Televangelist Oral Roberts announce that God would 'call him home' if he did not raise USD $8 million? All of these and more listed here.
When did the first Catholics arrive in America? When did Pentecostalism first develop? When was Jerry Falwell's church was finally desegregated? When did Televangelist Oral Roberts announce that God would 'call him home' if he did not raise USD $8 million? All of these and more listed here.
Was Mary Magdalene a Prostitute?
Mary Magdalene is mentioned in all four of the canonical gospels, but nowhere is she described as a prostitute. This popular image of Mary comes from confusion between here and two other women: Martha's sister Mary and an unnamed sinner in Luke's gospel (7:36-50). Both of these women wash Jesus' feet with their hair. Pope Gregory the Great declared that all three women were the same person and it wasn't until 1969 that the Catholic Church reversed course.
Mary Magdalene is mentioned in all four of the canonical gospels, but nowhere is she described as a prostitute. This popular image of Mary comes from confusion between here and two other women: Martha's sister Mary and an unnamed sinner in Luke's gospel (7:36-50). Both of these women wash Jesus' feet with their hair. Pope Gregory the Great declared that all three women were the same person and it wasn't until 1969 that the Catholic Church reversed course.
Priests, Celibacy, Marriage
A common critique of theistic religion is the extent to which religious rules and doctrines created by human beings for the purpose of maintaining power and control over others are attributed to a divine source. Pretending that human rules are God's rules help prevent them from changing or being questioned. A strong example of this is the celibacy of priests in Catholic Christianity, as demonstrated by its historical development and lack of consistent adherence.
A common critique of theistic religion is the extent to which religious rules and doctrines created by human beings for the purpose of maintaining power and control over others are attributed to a divine source. Pretending that human rules are God's rules help prevent them from changing or being questioned. A strong example of this is the celibacy of priests in Catholic Christianity, as demonstrated by its historical development and lack of consistent adherence.
Sex & Interrogation of Witches
It witches and witchcraft have become imbued with an identity that reaches far beyond their own existence, if they have become a symbol for something larger for Christians, then what are they a symbol of? It seems to me that witches served a symbolic role for the male, celibate religious authorities in Europe. Witches were not simply adherents to an alternative religiosity, and they certainly weren't turning whole towns into toads.
It witches and witchcraft have become imbued with an identity that reaches far beyond their own existence, if they have become a symbol for something larger for Christians, then what are they a symbol of? It seems to me that witches served a symbolic role for the male, celibate religious authorities in Europe. Witches were not simply adherents to an alternative religiosity, and they certainly weren't turning whole towns into toads.
Gay Couples are Unnatural
The idea that gay marriage is wrong because gay couples are somehow unnatural is not often stated openly, but this premise influences other arguments and lies behind many people's negative opinions about homosexuality in general. For most people, heterosexual relationships are the norm, both in society and in nature. Homosexual relationships are thus abnormal and unnatural; therefore, they shouldn't be validated by the state nor recognized as a form of marriage.
The idea that gay marriage is wrong because gay couples are somehow unnatural is not often stated openly, but this premise influences other arguments and lies behind many people's negative opinions about homosexuality in general. For most people, heterosexual relationships are the norm, both in society and in nature. Homosexual relationships are thus abnormal and unnatural; therefore, they shouldn't be validated by the state nor recognized as a form of marriage.
Fallacy: Begging the Question
This is the most basic and classic example of a Fallacy of Presumption, because it directly presumes the conclusion which is at question in the first place. This can also be known as a "Circular Argument" - because the conclusion essentially appears both at the beginning and the end of the argument, it creates an endless circle, never accomplishing anything of substance.
This is the most basic and classic example of a Fallacy of Presumption, because it directly presumes the conclusion which is at question in the first place. This can also be known as a "Circular Argument" - because the conclusion essentially appears both at the beginning and the end of the argument, it creates an endless circle, never accomplishing anything of substance.
What is a Logical Fallacy?
Fallacies are defects in an argument that cause an argument to be invalid, unsound or weak. Fallacies can be separated into two general groups: formal and informal. A formal fallacy is a defect which can be identified merely be looking at the logical structure of an argument. Informal fallacies are defects which can be identified only through an analysis of the actual content of the argument.
Fallacies are defects in an argument that cause an argument to be invalid, unsound or weak. Fallacies can be separated into two general groups: formal and informal. A formal fallacy is a defect which can be identified merely be looking at the logical structure of an argument. Informal fallacies are defects which can be identified only through an analysis of the actual content of the argument.
Marriage is Sacred?
Although rarely offered as an explicit argument against gay marriage, the idea that marriage is a sacred religious sacrament is one of the most important arguments for opponents and underlies much of the vehemence which motivates them in a way that the other arguments fail to explain. Indeed, if it weren't for the idea that marriage is sacred, it seems unlikely that the debate would be as rancorous as it is.
Although rarely offered as an explicit argument against gay marriage, the idea that marriage is a sacred religious sacrament is one of the most important arguments for opponents and underlies much of the vehemence which motivates them in a way that the other arguments fail to explain. Indeed, if it weren't for the idea that marriage is sacred, it seems unlikely that the debate would be as rancorous as it is.
Evolution & Creationism
Evolution & Creationism: Issues, Science, and Religion
Evolution & Creationism: Issues, Science, and Religion
The Kaaba in Muslim Mythology
According to Muslim traditions, Adam built the original Kaaba as a copy of and directly below God's throne in heaven. This structure was destroyed during the great Flood, leaving behind nothing but the foundation. The current structure was rebuilt by Abraham (Ibrahim) and his son Ishmael (Ismail). A gilded cage near the Kaaba contains a stone preserving a footprint of Abraham. Establishing this ancient pedigree for the Kaaba helped Muhammad connect his new faith with the Judaism.
According to Muslim traditions, Adam built the original Kaaba as a copy of and directly below God's throne in heaven. This structure was destroyed during the great Flood, leaving behind nothing but the foundation. The current structure was rebuilt by Abraham (Ibrahim) and his son Ishmael (Ismail). A gilded cage near the Kaaba contains a stone preserving a footprint of Abraham. Establishing this ancient pedigree for the Kaaba helped Muhammad connect his new faith with the Judaism.
Matthew the Apostle: Profile
Matthew is recorded as one of Jesus' original disciples in all four gospels and in Acts. In the gospel of Matthew he is described as a tax collector; in parallel accounts, however, the tax collector Jesus encounters is named 'Levi.' Christians have traditionally thought that this was an example of a double naming.
Matthew is recorded as one of Jesus' original disciples in all four gospels and in Acts. In the gospel of Matthew he is described as a tax collector; in parallel accounts, however, the tax collector Jesus encounters is named 'Levi.' Christians have traditionally thought that this was an example of a double naming.
Continuity of Modern Lebanon & Ancient Phoenicia
This map of modern Lebanon reveals some of the continuity between ancient Phoenicia and the modern Lebanese state. The northern-most Phoenician city-state was Arvad, just a bit beyond the northern borders of Lebanon; the southern-most Phoenician city-state was Akko, known today as Acre, and it lies just inside the Israeli border. The boundaries of ancient Phoenicia thus looked like a slightly extended version of modern Lebanon.
This map of modern Lebanon reveals some of the continuity between ancient Phoenicia and the modern Lebanese state. The northern-most Phoenician city-state was Arvad, just a bit beyond the northern borders of Lebanon; the southern-most Phoenician city-state was Akko, known today as Acre, and it lies just inside the Israeli border. The boundaries of ancient Phoenicia thus looked like a slightly extended version of modern Lebanon.
Muslim Women in Algeria
Women are your fields: go, then, into your fields whence you please. ... Allah's Messenger said, 'When a man calls his wife to satisfy his desire she must go to him even if she is occupied at the oven.' Allah's Apostle said, 'By him in whose hand is my life, when a man calls his wife to his bed, and she does not respond, the One Who is in the heaven is displeased with her untill he (her husband) is pleased with her.'
Women are your fields: go, then, into your fields whence you please. ... Allah's Messenger said, 'When a man calls his wife to satisfy his desire she must go to him even if she is occupied at the oven.' Allah's Apostle said, 'By him in whose hand is my life, when a man calls his wife to his bed, and she does not respond, the One Who is in the heaven is displeased with her untill he (her husband) is pleased with her.'
Under Torture, Accused Witches Would Confess to Almost Anything
Confessions of witchcraft, extracted under torture or threat of torture, commonly came attached to denouncements of other possible witches, keeping the Inquisitors in business. In Spain, church records tell the story of Maria of Ituren admitting under torture that she and sister witches turned themselves into horses and galloped through the sky. In a district of France, 600 women admitted to copulating with demons. Some entire villages in Europe were may have been exterminated.
Confessions of witchcraft, extracted under torture or threat of torture, commonly came attached to denouncements of other possible witches, keeping the Inquisitors in business. In Spain, church records tell the story of Maria of Ituren admitting under torture that she and sister witches turned themselves into horses and galloped through the sky. In a district of France, 600 women admitted to copulating with demons. Some entire villages in Europe were may have been exterminated.
Microevolution, Macroevolution
There is one particular aspect of evolution that needs to be given specific attention: the somewhat artificial distinction between what is called 'microevolution' and 'macroevolution', two terms often used by creationists in their attempts to critique evolution and evolutionary theory.
There is one particular aspect of evolution that needs to be given specific attention: the somewhat artificial distinction between what is called 'microevolution' and 'macroevolution', two terms often used by creationists in their attempts to critique evolution and evolutionary theory.
What is Monotheism? Belief in a Single, All-Powerful God
What is Monotheism? Belief in a Single, All-Powerful God. One of the most common types of theism in the world today is monotheism: belief in a single deity and denying the existence of all other alleged gods in the world.
What is Monotheism? Belief in a Single, All-Powerful God. One of the most common types of theism in the world today is monotheism: belief in a single deity and denying the existence of all other alleged gods in the world.
Islam: Wahhabi Muslims
Wahhabi Islam, the primary religious movement behind extremist Islam, includes beliefs and doctrines not found elsewhere. It would be a mistake and unethical to criticize all of Islam on the basis of doctrines particular to Wahhabi Muslims. This means that it's important from an ethical and an academic perspective to understand what Wahhabi Islam teaches, what's so dangerous about it, and why those teachings differ from other branches of Islam.
Wahhabi Islam, the primary religious movement behind extremist Islam, includes beliefs and doctrines not found elsewhere. It would be a mistake and unethical to criticize all of Islam on the basis of doctrines particular to Wahhabi Muslims. This means that it's important from an ethical and an academic perspective to understand what Wahhabi Islam teaches, what's so dangerous about it, and why those teachings differ from other branches of Islam.
Jerusalem: Map of the Palestine Region, c. 30 CE
Here you can see the area around Jerusalem around the time Jesus is believed to have lived, about 30 CE. At this point there are several political divisions in the region: Judaea, Samaria, and Galilee.
Here you can see the area around Jerusalem around the time Jesus is believed to have lived, about 30 CE. At this point there are several political divisions in the region: Judaea, Samaria, and Galilee.
What is Idealism?
Idealism refers to any philosophy that argues that reality is somehow dependent upon the mind rather than independent of it. More extreme versions will deny that the 'world' even exists outside of our minds. Narrow versions argue that our understanding of reality reflects the workings of our mind first and foremost - that the properties of objects have no standing independent of minds perceiving them.
Idealism refers to any philosophy that argues that reality is somehow dependent upon the mind rather than independent of it. More extreme versions will deny that the 'world' even exists outside of our minds. Narrow versions argue that our understanding of reality reflects the workings of our mind first and foremost - that the properties of objects have no standing independent of minds perceiving them.
Pope Benedict XVI: A Nazi?
The question of Joseph Ratzinger’s involvement with Nazi Germany and the Hitler Youth is important. Neither Ratzinger nor any member of his immediate family joined the NSDAP (Nazi Party). Ratzinger’s father was critical of the Nazi government and as a result the family had to move four times. None of this is remarkable, however, because the same happened with other German Catholic families. There is reason to think that Joseph Ratzinger has been less than fully candid about his past, though.
The question of Joseph Ratzinger’s involvement with Nazi Germany and the Hitler Youth is important. Neither Ratzinger nor any member of his immediate family joined the NSDAP (Nazi Party). Ratzinger’s father was critical of the Nazi government and as a result the family had to move four times. None of this is remarkable, however, because the same happened with other German Catholic families. There is reason to think that Joseph Ratzinger has been less than fully candid about his past, though.
Iraq - Religion in Iraq
shia muslims shia islam flag of iraq religious observances violence in iraq: Religion in Iraq: Index.
shia muslims shia islam flag of iraq religious observances violence in iraq: Religion in Iraq: Index.
Philosophy Intro for Atheists
Defining and explaining philosophy is no easy task - the very nature of the subject seems to defy description. The problem is that philosophy, in one way or another, ends up touching upon nearly every aspect of human life. Philosophy has something to say when it comes to science, art, religion, politics, medicine, and a host of other topics. This is also why a basic grounding in philosophy can be so important for irreligious atheists.
Defining and explaining philosophy is no easy task - the very nature of the subject seems to defy description. The problem is that philosophy, in one way or another, ends up touching upon nearly every aspect of human life. Philosophy has something to say when it comes to science, art, religion, politics, medicine, and a host of other topics. This is also why a basic grounding in philosophy can be so important for irreligious atheists.
Hermes / Mercury: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
Hermes was one of the few gods for whom no temples were dedicated. His cult statues were, instead, placed everywhere else for the use of travellers and merchants. A specific type of statue, known as Hermai, was simply a block of marble showing his head (bearded) and male genitalia at the base (Hermes was generally treated as a phallic god, evidently because of his association with fertility and luck).
Hermes was one of the few gods for whom no temples were dedicated. His cult statues were, instead, placed everywhere else for the use of travellers and merchants. A specific type of statue, known as Hermai, was simply a block of marble showing his head (bearded) and male genitalia at the base (Hermes was generally treated as a phallic god, evidently because of his association with fertility and luck).
Muhammad in Hell
No barrel, even though it's lost a hoop; or end-piece, ever gapes as one whom I; saw ripped right from his chin to where we fart: his bowels hung between his legs, one saw; his vitals and the miserable sack; that makes of what we swallow excrement. While I was all intent on watching him,; he looked at me, and with his hands he spread his chest and said: "See how I split myself!; See now how maimed Mohammed is!
No barrel, even though it's lost a hoop; or end-piece, ever gapes as one whom I; saw ripped right from his chin to where we fart: his bowels hung between his legs, one saw; his vitals and the miserable sack; that makes of what we swallow excrement. While I was all intent on watching him,; he looked at me, and with his hands he spread his chest and said: "See how I split myself!; See now how maimed Mohammed is!
Leonardo Da Vinci & Science, Observation, Empiricism, and Mathematics
Born in the village of Vinci in Tuscany, Italy, on April 15, 1452, Leonardo was one of the most important artistic figures of the Renaissance. He was involved with painting, architecture, sculpture, engineering, anatomy, and more. An illegitimate child, his artistic talents were recognized early on and he was sent to study under a master goldsmith. Today he is regarded as one of the greatest painters who ever lived, though many of his final works haven't survived.
Born in the village of Vinci in Tuscany, Italy, on April 15, 1452, Leonardo was one of the most important artistic figures of the Renaissance. He was involved with painting, architecture, sculpture, engineering, anatomy, and more. An illegitimate child, his artistic talents were recognized early on and he was sent to study under a master goldsmith. Today he is regarded as one of the greatest painters who ever lived, though many of his final works haven't survived.
Religion in Venezuela - Religion Index
indigenous dialects venezuela index christian conquest religion index republic of venezuela: Religion in Venezuela.
indigenous dialects venezuela index christian conquest religion index republic of venezuela: Religion in Venezuela.
Aesthetics, Art, and Atheism
Aesthetics almost never comes up in atheists' discussions about religion, but perhaps it should. First, religious and theistic ideas are often communicated in various forms of art (including film, books, and games) rather than in formal arguments. Atheistic critiques of religion cannot ignore this and it's impact on people's religious beliefs. Second, atheists themselves can do the same: communicate criticism of religion, religious beliefs, and theism through works of art and images.
Aesthetics almost never comes up in atheists' discussions about religion, but perhaps it should. First, religious and theistic ideas are often communicated in various forms of art (including film, books, and games) rather than in formal arguments. Atheistic critiques of religion cannot ignore this and it's impact on people's religious beliefs. Second, atheists themselves can do the same: communicate criticism of religion, religious beliefs, and theism through works of art and images.
Jesus on the Widow's Offering
The purpose of the passage appears to be to explain what 'true' discipleship for Jesus was: being willing to give everything you have, even your livelihood, for the sake of God. Those who merely contribute from their own surplus aren't sacrificing anything, and therefore their contributions will not be considered much (or at all) by God. Which of the two do you suppose is most descriptive of the average Christian in America or the West generally today?
The purpose of the passage appears to be to explain what 'true' discipleship for Jesus was: being willing to give everything you have, even your livelihood, for the sake of God. Those who merely contribute from their own surplus aren't sacrificing anything, and therefore their contributions will not be considered much (or at all) by God. Which of the two do you suppose is most descriptive of the average Christian in America or the West generally today?
Gay Rights and Gay Marriage Timeline: Chronology of Events
Chronological list of major events and issues which have occurred in the history of gay rights and gay marriage, especially in the United States of America.
Chronological list of major events and issues which have occurred in the history of gay rights and gay marriage, especially in the United States of America.
Jesus Calms the Storm
During the trip across the Sea of Galilee, a large storm comes up - so large that the boat threatens to sink after so much water has entered it. How Jesus manages to stay asleep though this is unknown, but traditional commentaries on the passage say that he slept deliberately in order to test the faith of the apostles. If that is the case, then they failed, because they were so scared that they woke Jesus up to find out whether he cared if they all drowned.
During the trip across the Sea of Galilee, a large storm comes up - so large that the boat threatens to sink after so much water has entered it. How Jesus manages to stay asleep though this is unknown, but traditional commentaries on the passage say that he slept deliberately in order to test the faith of the apostles. If that is the case, then they failed, because they were so scared that they woke Jesus up to find out whether he cared if they all drowned.
Separation in the Constitution
It is true that the phrase ‘separation of church and state‘ does not actually appear anywhere in the Constitution. There is a problem, however, in that some people draw incorrect conclusions from this fact. The absence of this phrase does not mean that it is an invalid concept or that it cannot be used as a legal or judicial principle.
It is true that the phrase ‘separation of church and state‘ does not actually appear anywhere in the Constitution. There is a problem, however, in that some people draw incorrect conclusions from this fact. The absence of this phrase does not mean that it is an invalid concept or that it cannot be used as a legal or judicial principle.
Do Not Bear False Witness
There is a question of just what 'bearing false witness' is supposed to entail. It seems as though it might have been originally intended to prohibit lying in a court of law. For the ancient Hebrews, anyone caught lying during their testimony could be forced to submit to whatever punishment would have been imposed upon the accused - even including death.
There is a question of just what 'bearing false witness' is supposed to entail. It seems as though it might have been originally intended to prohibit lying in a court of law. For the ancient Hebrews, anyone caught lying during their testimony could be forced to submit to whatever punishment would have been imposed upon the accused - even including death.
Questions about Atheism and Atheists: Atheist Beliefs
Questions about Atheism and Atheists: Atheist Beliefs. What do atheists believe and why? Are atheists just going through a phase? Do athiests really believe in nothing at all?
Questions about Atheism and Atheists: Atheist Beliefs. What do atheists believe and why? Are atheists just going through a phase? Do athiests really believe in nothing at all?
Definition of Religion
Religion is difficult to define. Everyone has a different idea of what it is. Most people simply look in the dictionary or use something else equally simplistic. That might be fine for everyday conversations, it isn’t sufficient for the sort of discussions that appear here. Religion is a human creation and as such can vary as widely as human imagination allows.
Religion is difficult to define. Everyone has a different idea of what it is. Most people simply look in the dictionary or use something else equally simplistic. That might be fine for everyday conversations, it isn’t sufficient for the sort of discussions that appear here. Religion is a human creation and as such can vary as widely as human imagination allows.
Why Gay Marriage?
A common question in the debate over gay marriage is: what the point is for gays to marry? Aside from property and legal issues that could, in theory, be solved by other laws, what point are gays trying to make in attempting to get married? Why is it so important to be able to hold up a marriage certificate and say ‘we're married‘ instead of simply saying ‘we're a couple‘ without a certificate?
A common question in the debate over gay marriage is: what the point is for gays to marry? Aside from property and legal issues that could, in theory, be solved by other laws, what point are gays trying to make in attempting to get married? Why is it so important to be able to hold up a marriage certificate and say ‘we're married‘ instead of simply saying ‘we're a couple‘ without a certificate?
What is Love? What is Agape?
Agape (ah-gah-pay) is the main word used for 'love' in the New Testament. There are three principal Greek words which can be translated as 'love' in English, each with different connotations. The two most common were eros, which refers to sexual love, and philos, which means friendship or brotherly love (eros does not appear in the New Testament, but philos does). Agape was the least used in Greek and least specific in its meaning.
Agape (ah-gah-pay) is the main word used for 'love' in the New Testament. There are three principal Greek words which can be translated as 'love' in English, each with different connotations. The two most common were eros, which refers to sexual love, and philos, which means friendship or brotherly love (eros does not appear in the New Testament, but philos does). Agape was the least used in Greek and least specific in its meaning.
Anglican, Anglicanism
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - Anglican, Anglicanism. What is the Anglican Church and what are the beliefs which distinguish Anglicanism from other forms of Protestant Christianity?
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - Anglican, Anglicanism. What is the Anglican Church and what are the beliefs which distinguish Anglicanism from other forms of Protestant Christianity?
Witchcraft & Satanism: Witches Kissing Satan
Religious and political authorities of various eras and different cultures have always found it convenient to associate their enemies with the worst possible evil they could imagine. In the Christian west, this generally meant associating enemies with Satan. These sort of extreme demonization allows a person to stop seeing their enemy as entirely human and the conflict as something which does not require mercy, traditionally just procedures, or anything of the kind.
Religious and political authorities of various eras and different cultures have always found it convenient to associate their enemies with the worst possible evil they could imagine. In the Christian west, this generally meant associating enemies with Satan. These sort of extreme demonization allows a person to stop seeing their enemy as entirely human and the conflict as something which does not require mercy, traditionally just procedures, or anything of the kind.
Saint Andrew the Apostle
Andrew appears to have been part of an inner circle among the disciples -- only he and three others (Peter, James, and John) were on the Mount of Olives with Jesus when he foretold the destruction of the Temple and then received a lengthy discourse on the End Times and coming apocalypse. Andrew's name is also among the first on apostolic lists, possibly an indication of his importance in early traditions.
Andrew appears to have been part of an inner circle among the disciples -- only he and three others (Peter, James, and John) were on the Mount of Olives with Jesus when he foretold the destruction of the Temple and then received a lengthy discourse on the End Times and coming apocalypse. Andrew's name is also among the first on apostolic lists, possibly an indication of his importance in early traditions.
What is an Argument?
When a lot of discussion consists of people creating and critiquing specific arguments, it is helpful to understand just what an argument is and what an argument is not. Sometimes an argument is seen merely as a verbal fight, but that is not what is meant in these discussions. Sometimes a person thinks they are offering an argument when all they are actually providing is assertions.
When a lot of discussion consists of people creating and critiquing specific arguments, it is helpful to understand just what an argument is and what an argument is not. Sometimes an argument is seen merely as a verbal fight, but that is not what is meant in these discussions. Sometimes a person thinks they are offering an argument when all they are actually providing is assertions.
Joan of Arc, Witch and Heretic
Although accusations of witchcraft seem to have been most commonly made against older women who lived on the margins of society and who may have become socially troublesome, there is also evidence that women who were too powerful could become targets as well. Joan of Arc is one famous example of a woman who achieved a great deal but was then burned as a witch for her trouble.
Although accusations of witchcraft seem to have been most commonly made against older women who lived on the margins of society and who may have become socially troublesome, there is also evidence that women who were too powerful could become targets as well. Joan of Arc is one famous example of a woman who achieved a great deal but was then burned as a witch for her trouble.
Saint Jude Thaddeus the Apostle
Also sometimes known as Jude Lebbeus or just Thaddeus, Jude Thaddeus was the brother of another apostle, St. James the Less and he is the 'mystery' apostle because he's the one the synoptic gospels disagree on. Mark and some versions of Matthew list him as Thaddeus; some versions of Matthew list him as Lebbeus; some versions of Matthew list him as Judas the Zealot; Luke lists him as Judas, son of James.
Also sometimes known as Jude Lebbeus or just Thaddeus, Jude Thaddeus was the brother of another apostle, St. James the Less and he is the 'mystery' apostle because he's the one the synoptic gospels disagree on. Mark and some versions of Matthew list him as Thaddeus; some versions of Matthew list him as Lebbeus; some versions of Matthew list him as Judas the Zealot; Luke lists him as Judas, son of James.
Crusades: Overview
Why were the Crusades launched? There is a wide variety of opinion on this matter. Some argue that they were a necessary response by Christendom to the oppression of pilgrims in Muslim-controlled Jerusalem. Others claim that it was political imperialism masked by religious piety. Still others argue that it was a social release for a society that was becoming overburdened by landless nobles. There's a bit of truth in all of this.
Why were the Crusades launched? There is a wide variety of opinion on this matter. Some argue that they were a necessary response by Christendom to the oppression of pilgrims in Muslim-controlled Jerusalem. Others claim that it was political imperialism masked by religious piety. Still others argue that it was a social release for a society that was becoming overburdened by landless nobles. There's a bit of truth in all of this.
Euthanasia: The Moral Issues
There are very good articles defending the morality of euthanasia: for example, James Raches does a good job explaining the common argument how passive euthanasia (refraining from extreme measures to save someone) is no more moral than active measures (hastening death when someone is suffering).
There are very good articles defending the morality of euthanasia: for example, James Raches does a good job explaining the common argument how passive euthanasia (refraining from extreme measures to save someone) is no more moral than active measures (hastening death when someone is suffering).
Fetus, Humanity, Personhood
Abortion is the focus of some of the most intense social, cultural, political, religious, and ethical debates in modern American society. Some regard abortion as something people should be able to choose while others say abortion is a great evil which is destroying the moral fabric of society. Many of the debates turn on the status of the fetus: Is a fetus a person? Does a fetus have moral or legal rights? How we define a person and the fetus may decide the abortion debates.
Abortion is the focus of some of the most intense social, cultural, political, religious, and ethical debates in modern American society. Some regard abortion as something people should be able to choose while others say abortion is a great evil which is destroying the moral fabric of society. Many of the debates turn on the status of the fetus: Is a fetus a person? Does a fetus have moral or legal rights? How we define a person and the fetus may decide the abortion debates.
The Pantheon and Roman Religion
Hadrian seems to have intended his rebuilt Pantheon to be a sort of ecumenical temple where people could worship any and all gods they wished, not just local Roman gods. This would have been keeping with Hadrian's character — a widely travelled emperor, Hadrain admired Greek culture and respected other religions. During his reign an increasing number of Roman subjects either didn't worship Roman gods or worshipped them under other names, so this move made good political sense, too.
Hadrian seems to have intended his rebuilt Pantheon to be a sort of ecumenical temple where people could worship any and all gods they wished, not just local Roman gods. This would have been keeping with Hadrian's character — a widely travelled emperor, Hadrain admired Greek culture and respected other religions. During his reign an increasing number of Roman subjects either didn't worship Roman gods or worshipped them under other names, so this move made good political sense, too.
Ares / Mars: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
Because Ares, the Greek god of war, represented all of the worst aspects of warfare, battle, and slaughter, worship of him was not very common or extensive in Greece. He was more popular in northern Greece like Trace, but even here temple sites are pretty rare.
Because Ares, the Greek god of war, represented all of the worst aspects of warfare, battle, and slaughter, worship of him was not very common or extensive in Greece. He was more popular in northern Greece like Trace, but even here temple sites are pretty rare.
Timelines of Religious History
Comparative timelines of religious history: chronologies of events, people and places.
Comparative timelines of religious history: chronologies of events, people and places.
Decision: Engel v. Vitale
Engel vs. Vitale: What authority, if any, does the government have when it comes religious rituals like prayers? Can a government write specific prayers for public school students to recite every day? That used to be the case in many places in America, but that was challenged and ultimately struck down by the Supreme Court.
Engel vs. Vitale: What authority, if any, does the government have when it comes religious rituals like prayers? Can a government write specific prayers for public school students to recite every day? That used to be the case in many places in America, but that was challenged and ultimately struck down by the Supreme Court.
Religion in Public Schools
Religion in Public Schools: Prayers, Vouchers, Holidays, and more. To what extent should public schools recognize, support, and encourage particular religious beliefs? Are state sanctioned and state supported religious observances a violation of students' religious liberties?
Religion in Public Schools: Prayers, Vouchers, Holidays, and more. To what extent should public schools recognize, support, and encourage particular religious beliefs? Are state sanctioned and state supported religious observances a violation of students' religious liberties?
John the Apostle: Profile
John, the son of Zebedee, was called along with this brother James to be one of Jesus' twelve apostles who would accompany him on his ministry. John appears in the lists of apostles in the synoptic gospels as well as Acts. John and his brother James were given the nickname 'Boanerges' (sons of thunder) by Jesus; some believe this was a reference to their tempers.
John, the son of Zebedee, was called along with this brother James to be one of Jesus' twelve apostles who would accompany him on his ministry. John appears in the lists of apostles in the synoptic gospels as well as Acts. John and his brother James were given the nickname 'Boanerges' (sons of thunder) by Jesus; some believe this was a reference to their tempers.
Chronology of Early & New Testament Christianity: Christian History Timeline, 40 BCE - 95 CE
Chronology of Early & New Testament Christianity: Christian History Timeline. Chronology of people, places, and events between 40 BCE and 95 CE. Includes links for more detailed information on specific topics, people, and events as well as listings for other important world events to provide historical context.
Chronology of Early & New Testament Christianity: Christian History Timeline. Chronology of people, places, and events between 40 BCE and 95 CE. Includes links for more detailed information on specific topics, people, and events as well as listings for other important world events to provide historical context.
Andrew the Apostle: Profile
Andrew, whose Greek name means 'manly,' was one of Jesus' twelve apostles. The brother of Simon Peter and son of Jona (or John), Andrew's name appears on all of the lists of apostles, and his being called by Jesus appears in all three synoptic gospels as well as Acts. Andrew's name comes up multiple times in the gospels - the synoptics show him at the Mount of Olives and John describes him as a one-time disciple of John the Baptist.
Andrew, whose Greek name means 'manly,' was one of Jesus' twelve apostles. The brother of Simon Peter and son of Jona (or John), Andrew's name appears on all of the lists of apostles, and his being called by Jesus appears in all three synoptic gospels as well as Acts. Andrew's name comes up multiple times in the gospels - the synoptics show him at the Mount of Olives and John describes him as a one-time disciple of John the Baptist.
What is Pragmatism?
Pragmatism is an American philosophy from the early 20th century. According to Pragmatism, the truth or meaning of an idea or a proposition lies in its observable practical consequences rather than anything metaphysical. It can be summarized by the phrase 'whatever works, is likely true.' Because reality changes, 'whatever works' will also change - thus, truth must also be changeable and no one can claim to possess any final or ultimate truth.
Pragmatism is an American philosophy from the early 20th century. According to Pragmatism, the truth or meaning of an idea or a proposition lies in its observable practical consequences rather than anything metaphysical. It can be summarized by the phrase 'whatever works, is likely true.' Because reality changes, 'whatever works' will also change - thus, truth must also be changeable and no one can claim to possess any final or ultimate truth.
Illustration of the Children's Crusade - Stephen de Cloyes: Children's Crusade Gallery
This illustration depicts Stephen de Cloyes encouraging others to march off with him and recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims. The Children's Crusade was supposedly launched in 1212 by the 12-year old French boy Stephen de Cloyes. More than 50,000 children were thought to have been sold into slavery when they thought that they were boarding ships that would take them to the Holy Land, but many historians disbelieve that this Crusade ever occurred.
This illustration depicts Stephen de Cloyes encouraging others to march off with him and recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims. The Children's Crusade was supposedly launched in 1212 by the 12-year old French boy Stephen de Cloyes. More than 50,000 children were thought to have been sold into slavery when they thought that they were boarding ships that would take them to the Holy Land, but many historians disbelieve that this Crusade ever occurred.
Comparison of Greek Temples: Ancient Greek Religion & Architecture
This diagram compares eight different types of basic Greek temples, styles that were generally adopted into Roman architecture as well: Temple in Antis, Double Anta, Prostyle, Amphi-Prostyle, Peripteral, Dipteral, Pseudodipteral, and Monopteral.
This diagram compares eight different types of basic Greek temples, styles that were generally adopted into Roman architecture as well: Temple in Antis, Double Anta, Prostyle, Amphi-Prostyle, Peripteral, Dipteral, Pseudodipteral, and Monopteral.
Barack Obama's Religion
Barack Obama's religious background is more diverse than that of most prominent politicians, but it may prove to be representative of future generations of Americans who grow up in an increasingly diverse America. His mother was raised by non-practicing Christians; his father was raised a Muslim but was an atheist by the time he had married Obama's mother. Neither Obama nor his mother were ever atheists, but she raised him in a relatively secular household where he learned about religion.
Barack Obama's religious background is more diverse than that of most prominent politicians, but it may prove to be representative of future generations of Americans who grow up in an increasingly diverse America. His mother was raised by non-practicing Christians; his father was raised a Muslim but was an atheist by the time he had married Obama's mother. Neither Obama nor his mother were ever atheists, but she raised him in a relatively secular household where he learned about religion.
Islam's Holy Days, Holidays
The Islamic calendar begins in the Western year 622 A.D. on the date which Muhammad and his closest companions moved from Mecca to Medina, known as the Hijra. During the twelve lunar months there are a number of important holidays, or holy days, including: Al-Hijra, Ashura, Mawlid al-Nabi, and Eid Al-Adhha. The term Eid is the Arabic term for festivity or celebration, and is only attached to a couple of holy days in the Muslim year.
The Islamic calendar begins in the Western year 622 A.D. on the date which Muhammad and his closest companions moved from Mecca to Medina, known as the Hijra. During the twelve lunar months there are a number of important holidays, or holy days, including: Al-Hijra, Ashura, Mawlid al-Nabi, and Eid Al-Adhha. The term Eid is the Arabic term for festivity or celebration, and is only attached to a couple of holy days in the Muslim year.
Supreme Court Decisions on Privacy: Griswold v. Connecticut
Supreme Court Decisions on Privacy: summary and analysis of Griswold v. Connecticut. Should people be allowed access to drugs or devices designed to stop contraception? Do people have a right to privacy that includes whether or not they buy, learn about, and use contraception?
Supreme Court Decisions on Privacy: summary and analysis of Griswold v. Connecticut. Should people be allowed access to drugs or devices designed to stop contraception? Do people have a right to privacy that includes whether or not they buy, learn about, and use contraception?
Fossils & Evolution
When you hear talk of evidence for evolution, the first thing that frequently comes to mind for most people are fossils. The fossil record has one important, unique characteristic: it is our only actual glimpse into the past where common descent is proposed to have taken place. As such it provides invaluable evidence for common descent. The fossil record is not "complete" (fossilization is a rare event, so this is to be expected), but there is still a wealth of fossil information.
When you hear talk of evidence for evolution, the first thing that frequently comes to mind for most people are fossils. The fossil record has one important, unique characteristic: it is our only actual glimpse into the past where common descent is proposed to have taken place. As such it provides invaluable evidence for common descent. The fossil record is not "complete" (fossilization is a rare event, so this is to be expected), but there is still a wealth of fossil information.
Religious Rite or Civil Right?
Many argue that marriage is essentially and necessarily a religious rite -- they conceive of marriage in almost exclusively religious terms. Therefore, legalizing gay marriage constitutes a type of sacrilege and an unjustified intrusion of the state into what is necessarily a religious matter. Because of religion's traditional role in sanctifying marriages and presiding over wedding ceremonies this is understandable, but it's also incorrect.
Many argue that marriage is essentially and necessarily a religious rite -- they conceive of marriage in almost exclusively religious terms. Therefore, legalizing gay marriage constitutes a type of sacrilege and an unjustified intrusion of the state into what is necessarily a religious matter. Because of religion's traditional role in sanctifying marriages and presiding over wedding ceremonies this is understandable, but it's also incorrect.
Witches, Misogyny, and Patriarchy: Clerical Torture of Women
Women were regarded as impediments to true spirituality and union with God, which helps explain why investigators focused on women more than men. The church had a long-standing prejudice against women, and this was given vent when the doctrine of devil worship was emphasized as an enemy which the church had to confront and destroy. This animus hasn't entirely disappeared even today
Women were regarded as impediments to true spirituality and union with God, which helps explain why investigators focused on women more than men. The church had a long-standing prejudice against women, and this was given vent when the doctrine of devil worship was emphasized as an enemy which the church had to confront and destroy. This animus hasn't entirely disappeared even today
Mary Magdalene: Profile
Mary Magdalene is mentioned in the lists of Jesus' female companions that appear in Mark, Matthew, and Luke. Some believe that Mary Magdalene may have been an important figure among the female disciples, perhaps even their leader and a member of Jesus' inner circle of disciples - but not, apparently, to the degree of the 12 apostles. There is no textual evidence to allow for any definitive conclusions, though.
Mary Magdalene is mentioned in the lists of Jesus' female companions that appear in Mark, Matthew, and Luke. Some believe that Mary Magdalene may have been an important figure among the female disciples, perhaps even their leader and a member of Jesus' inner circle of disciples - but not, apparently, to the degree of the 12 apostles. There is no textual evidence to allow for any definitive conclusions, though.
Saint Matthew the Apostle
Christian tradition has generally taught that the Gospel According to Matthew was written by Matthew the apostle, but modern scholarship had discredited this. The gospel text displays enough sophistication in terms of theology and Greek that it is most likely the product of a second-generation Christian, probably a convert from Judaism.
Christian tradition has generally taught that the Gospel According to Matthew was written by Matthew the apostle, but modern scholarship had discredited this. The gospel text displays enough sophistication in terms of theology and Greek that it is most likely the product of a second-generation Christian, probably a convert from Judaism.
Kaaba in Mecca, Saudi Arabia
The Kaaba is Islam’s holiest site and, as such, knowing more about it is critical to knowing more about Islam itself. The history of the Kaaba is intertwined with the origin of Islam because it appears that Muhammad used the Kaaba for political purposes, promoting new stories about the Kaaba's history in order to connect his new created religion with ancient Judaism. Knowing more about the Kaaba thus means knowing that not everything Muslims believe about Islam and Muhammad is true.
The Kaaba is Islam’s holiest site and, as such, knowing more about it is critical to knowing more about Islam itself. The history of the Kaaba is intertwined with the origin of Islam because it appears that Muhammad used the Kaaba for political purposes, promoting new stories about the Kaaba's history in order to connect his new created religion with ancient Judaism. Knowing more about the Kaaba thus means knowing that not everything Muslims believe about Islam and Muhammad is true.
Apollo: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
The son of Zeus and Leto, Apollo's twin sister was the huntress Artemis with whom he shared a number of parallel characteristics. For example, while she had dominion over wild game he had dominion over herds of sheep.
The son of Zeus and Leto, Apollo's twin sister was the huntress Artemis with whom he shared a number of parallel characteristics. For example, while she had dominion over wild game he had dominion over herds of sheep.
Architecture of the Pantheon
The identity of the architect behind the Pantheon is unknown, but most scholars attribute it to Apollodorus of Damascus. The parts of Hadrian's Pantheon are a columned porch (8 massive granite Corinthian columns in front, two groups of four behind), an intermediate area of brick, and finally the monumental dome. The Pantheon's dome is the largest surviving dome from antiquity; it was also the largest dome in the world until Brunelleschi's dome on the Duomo of Florence was completed in 1436.
The identity of the architect behind the Pantheon is unknown, but most scholars attribute it to Apollodorus of Damascus. The parts of Hadrian's Pantheon are a columned porch (8 massive granite Corinthian columns in front, two groups of four behind), an intermediate area of brick, and finally the monumental dome. The Pantheon's dome is the largest surviving dome from antiquity; it was also the largest dome in the world until Brunelleschi's dome on the Duomo of Florence was completed in 1436.
EvolutionCourtCasesSchools
Should schools be able to teach scientific creationism? Should schools teach about evolution? Is evolution a religion? These are some of the questions courts at all levels have had to wrestle with due to the attempts by certain religious groups (always evangelical or fundamentalist Christian) to stop the teaching of evolution and replace it with teaching from their own religious traditions. Fortunately the courts consistently reject the intrusion of religion on public school science classes.
Should schools be able to teach scientific creationism? Should schools teach about evolution? Is evolution a religion? These are some of the questions courts at all levels have had to wrestle with due to the attempts by certain religious groups (always evangelical or fundamentalist Christian) to stop the teaching of evolution and replace it with teaching from their own religious traditions. Fortunately the courts consistently reject the intrusion of religion on public school science classes.
Teach the Controversy: Teach Kids All the Theories about Sex!
The complaints and arguments raised by conservative Christians about teaching evolution in public schools are uniformly false when applied to teaching evolution, but they are remarkably true when applied to sex education — or at lest the abstinence-only education programs championed by... you guessed it, conservative Christians. Is it a sign of projection that they are guilty of doing to sex education what they claim about science education, or just a sign of complete lack of self-awareness?
The complaints and arguments raised by conservative Christians about teaching evolution in public schools are uniformly false when applied to teaching evolution, but they are remarkably true when applied to sex education — or at lest the abstinence-only education programs championed by... you guessed it, conservative Christians. Is it a sign of projection that they are guilty of doing to sex education what they claim about science education, or just a sign of complete lack of self-awareness?
What Are the Ten Commandments?
The Ten Commandments are a set of ten basic rules of behavior, mostly negative in construction, that appear in the ancient Hebrew scriptures and are directed at the Hebrews as God’s chosen people. Tradition holds that these rules were delivered to them by God via Moses, who climbed to the top of Mount Sinai during the Hebrews’ journey through the desert from Egypt to Canaan. They are, then, God’s requirements for how the Hebrews are supposed to behave.
The Ten Commandments are a set of ten basic rules of behavior, mostly negative in construction, that appear in the ancient Hebrew scriptures and are directed at the Hebrews as God’s chosen people. Tradition holds that these rules were delivered to them by God via Moses, who climbed to the top of Mount Sinai during the Hebrews’ journey through the desert from Egypt to Canaan. They are, then, God’s requirements for how the Hebrews are supposed to behave.
Last Supper, Detail from the Left
The source used by Leonardo Da Vinci is John 13:21 and is supposed to represent the exact moment when Jesus announces to his disciples that one of them would betray him: 'When Jesus had thus said, he was troubled in spirit, and testified, and said, Verily, verily, I say unto you, that one of you shall betray me.' Thus the reactions of all the disciples are the reactions to hearing that one of them is a traitor to Jesus who would cause the death of their teacher. Each reacts in a different way.
The source used by Leonardo Da Vinci is John 13:21 and is supposed to represent the exact moment when Jesus announces to his disciples that one of them would betray him: 'When Jesus had thus said, he was troubled in spirit, and testified, and said, Verily, verily, I say unto you, that one of you shall betray me.' Thus the reactions of all the disciples are the reactions to hearing that one of them is a traitor to Jesus who would cause the death of their teacher. Each reacts in a different way.
Muslim Basic Beliefs
Many Muslim beliefs are similar to the beliefs in Christianity and Judaism, but other beliefs do differ. The most central beliefs are contained in the Five Pillars of Islam. Muslims also have a number of important Holy Days and Holy Sites which differ from those found in Christianity and Judaism. Any basic understanding of Islam requires first understanding what Muslims believe, why, and how those beliefs differ from beliefs in other religions.
Many Muslim beliefs are similar to the beliefs in Christianity and Judaism, but other beliefs do differ. The most central beliefs are contained in the Five Pillars of Islam. Muslims also have a number of important Holy Days and Holy Sites which differ from those found in Christianity and Judaism. Any basic understanding of Islam requires first understanding what Muslims believe, why, and how those beliefs differ from beliefs in other religions.
Odysseus \ Ulysses & Jesus: Greek & Christian Heroes
Odysseus (Latin: Ulixes, English: Ulysses) is one of the most famous characters in ancient Greek legends, not only for his exploits in the Trojan War but also because of long journey to reach home again afterward. Because Odysseus played such a central role in two of the most important epics of Greek mythology, it should hardly be surprising that the stories of Odysseus might influence later culture and religion. What's unexpected is how they might have influenced stories about Jesus. If it's true that Jesus' life was at least partially patterned after Odysseus', then at the very least the reliability of the gospels is seriously in doubt. Even the historicity of Jesus becomes more questionable.
Odysseus (Latin: Ulixes, English: Ulysses) is one of the most famous characters in ancient Greek legends, not only for his exploits in the Trojan War but also because of long journey to reach home again afterward. Because Odysseus played such a central role in two of the most important epics of Greek mythology, it should hardly be surprising that the stories of Odysseus might influence later culture and religion. What's unexpected is how they might have influenced stories about Jesus. If it's true that Jesus' life was at least partially patterned after Odysseus', then at the very least the reliability of the gospels is seriously in doubt. Even the historicity of Jesus becomes more questionable.
Biography: Hutchinson, Anne
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - Short Biography of Anne Hutchinson
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - Short Biography of Anne Hutchinson
Ethics and Morality FAQ: Normative Ethics
Ethics FAQ: Normative Ethics, or the study of how we should behave and the sorts of moral standards we should employ in our lives.
Ethics FAQ: Normative Ethics, or the study of how we should behave and the sorts of moral standards we should employ in our lives.
Ku Klux Klan
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - Ku Klux Klan
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - Ku Klux Klan
Word of God: Funny How Humans are Always Doing the Talking
The "word of God" is an important and often-used concept with apologists. They have texts they claim contain the words of their god and they justify their ideas by insisting that they ultimately come from the words of their god. For some reason, though, we don't encounter any gods actually doing any writing or talking. It's always humans doing the writing and talking. Are they ventriloquists dummies? Is it just coincidence that their god wants and believes what they want and believe?
The "word of God" is an important and often-used concept with apologists. They have texts they claim contain the words of their god and they justify their ideas by insisting that they ultimately come from the words of their god. For some reason, though, we don't encounter any gods actually doing any writing or talking. It's always humans doing the writing and talking. Are they ventriloquists dummies? Is it just coincidence that their god wants and believes what they want and believe?
Muslim Holy Sites & Holy Cities: Connecting Holiness, Politics, and Violence - How Have Holy Places in Islam Connected to Religious Violence, Division?
According to Hector Avalos, religions might preach peace, love, and harmony, but establishing a textual canon or sacred site which only some have privileged access to also establishes an illusory “scarcity” which causes people to fight. This is the intent of religious leaders, but it’s an inevitable outgrowth of their actions — and we can see this occurring in the context of Islam with its holy sites and cities: Mecca, Medina, the Dome of the Rock, Hebron, and so on.
According to Hector Avalos, religions might preach peace, love, and harmony, but establishing a textual canon or sacred site which only some have privileged access to also establishes an illusory “scarcity” which causes people to fight. This is the intent of religious leaders, but it’s an inevitable outgrowth of their actions — and we can see this occurring in the context of Islam with its holy sites and cities: Mecca, Medina, the Dome of the Rock, Hebron, and so on.
Faulty Causation Fallacies: Oversimplification and Exaggeration
Logical Fallacies FAQ - Faulty Causation Fallacies: Oversimplification and Exaggeration. The causation fallacies known as oversimplification and exaggeration occur whenever the series of actual causes for an event are either reduced or multiplied to the point where there is no longer a genuine, causal connection between the alleged causes and the actual effect.
Logical Fallacies FAQ - Faulty Causation Fallacies: Oversimplification and Exaggeration. The causation fallacies known as oversimplification and exaggeration occur whenever the series of actual causes for an event are either reduced or multiplied to the point where there is no longer a genuine, causal connection between the alleged causes and the actual effect.
Branches of Philosophy
Philosophy is not usually treated as a single, unified subject. It is typically broken down into several specialties and it is common for contemporary philosophers to be experts in one field but know little about another. Philosophy addresses complex issues from all facets of life - being an expert on all of philosophy would entail being an expert on all of the life’s most fundamental questions.
Philosophy is not usually treated as a single, unified subject. It is typically broken down into several specialties and it is common for contemporary philosophers to be experts in one field but know little about another. Philosophy addresses complex issues from all facets of life - being an expert on all of philosophy would entail being an expert on all of the life’s most fundamental questions.
Maps of the Crusades: Geography & History of Religious Wars Between Christians & Muslims
The Crusades occurred over a vast geographic region in the Middle East - and they were heavily influenced by geographic and political issues back home in Europe. Although it is common and reasonable to talk about the Crusades as Christians fighting Muslims, the reality was that the Christians were comprised of many different nationalities who didn't always like each other - and the Muslims could be similarly divided.
The Crusades occurred over a vast geographic region in the Middle East - and they were heavily influenced by geographic and political issues back home in Europe. Although it is common and reasonable to talk about the Crusades as Christians fighting Muslims, the reality was that the Christians were comprised of many different nationalities who didn't always like each other - and the Muslims could be similarly divided.
Allah Has Predestined some to Hell
Apparently, at least some of those who will go to hell will do so because Muhammad has predestined them to do so. "He whom Allah causeth to go astray, thou (O Muhammad) wilt not find a way for him: O ye who believe! Choose not disbelievers for (your) friends in place of believers. Would ye give Allah a clear warrant against you?"
Apparently, at least some of those who will go to hell will do so because Muhammad has predestined them to do so. "He whom Allah causeth to go astray, thou (O Muhammad) wilt not find a way for him: O ye who believe! Choose not disbelievers for (your) friends in place of believers. Would ye give Allah a clear warrant against you?"
Submission: The Husband is the Head of the Wife & That's the Way it is, Period
Must good Christian women be submissive to their husbands' leadership? Many evangelical and fundamentalist Christians certainly seem to think so. Christianity has not been very supportive of women's equality, historically speaking. Much of the time women have been denigrated and forced into a second-class status. This was true right from the earliest years of Christianity and has continued down through today with it being enshrined as a principle for the Southern Baptist Convention.
Must good Christian women be submissive to their husbands' leadership? Many evangelical and fundamentalist Christians certainly seem to think so. Christianity has not been very supportive of women's equality, historically speaking. Much of the time women have been denigrated and forced into a second-class status. This was true right from the earliest years of Christianity and has continued down through today with it being enshrined as a principle for the Southern Baptist Convention.
Richard the Lionheart: Richard the Lionheart Gallery
Richard I Lionheart of England was born to King Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine. Richard would be one of the leaders of the Third Crusade with Philip II Augustus of France in 1187. As king Richard would only spend a small amount of time in England, leaving the administration of his kingdom to various appointed officials. He was not very concerned about England and didn't even learn much English - he was much more concerned with protecting his possessions in France and making a name for himself that would last through the ages.
Richard I Lionheart of England was born to King Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine. Richard would be one of the leaders of the Third Crusade with Philip II Augustus of France in 1187. As king Richard would only spend a small amount of time in England, leaving the administration of his kingdom to various appointed officials. He was not very concerned about England and didn't even learn much English - he was much more concerned with protecting his possessions in France and making a name for himself that would last through the ages.
Quotes on Religion - George Carlin
Freethought Quotations: George Carlin.: cardinal hayes high school in the bronx cardinal hayes high school catholic grammar school image and likeness hayes high school
Freethought Quotations: George Carlin.: cardinal hayes high school in the bronx cardinal hayes high school catholic grammar school image and likeness hayes high school
War Ethics: Just War Theory
There is a long-standing tradition in Western culture of differentiating between just and unjust wars. Those opposed to war in principle will disagree that any such distinction can be made, the basic idea is to arge that there are times when war is, at the very least, less just and as a result should receive less support from the public and from national leaders.
There is a long-standing tradition in Western culture of differentiating between just and unjust wars. Those opposed to war in principle will disagree that any such distinction can be made, the basic idea is to arge that there are times when war is, at the very least, less just and as a result should receive less support from the public and from national leaders.
Biography: Luther, Martin
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - Short Biography of Martin Luther
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - Short Biography of Martin Luther