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0644
Umar I, the second caliph of Islam, was murdered.
1723
Baron d'Holbach was born.
1854
Pope Pius IX declared the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary.
1864
In his encyclical Quanta Cura ("Syllabus errorum"), Pope Pius IX complains about the spread of ideas like freedom of press, religion, and conscience, saying that "By holding these false ideas, they [liberals] countenance a freedom of perdition, because if it should always be permitted to human opinions to engage in conflict, there would always be people daring to resist truth and to put their confidence in the babblings of human wisdom, a dangerous conceit which Christian faith and wisdom must avoid at any cost, in conformity with the teaching of our Lord Jesus Christ himself." The encyclical condemns all manner of modern and liberal beliefs like religious freedom and free speech. It even rejects modernity itself, condemning those who argue that "the Roman pontiff can and should reconcile and harmonize himself with progress, with liberalism, and with recent civilization." The source of all the pressure being put upon the Church is described as the "synagogue of Satan." According to Pius IX, "These wicked groups think that they have already become masters of the world" and seek to "subject the Church of God to the most cruel servitude ...and, if possible, to make it disappear completely from the Earth." Pius IX thus directly contributes to the believe that Jews are involved in a conspiracy to undermine Christianity.
1864
Pope Pius IX condemns in his Syllabus of Errors the idea that "the Church is not a true and perfect society, entirely free; nor is she endowed with proper and perpetual rights of her own, conferred upon her by her Divine Founder; but it appertains to the civil power to define what are the rights of the Church, and the limits within which she may exercise those rights"
1869
Vatican I, the 20th Roman Catholic ecumenical council, opened in Rome
1903
Herbert Spencer died in Brighton, England.
1947
Argued: McCollum v. Board of Education
By a 6-1 vote the Supreme Court would agree with Mrs. McCollum, an atheist mother, and disallowed the practice of having religious education to take place in public school classrooms during the school day.
1947
The Arab League announced that member states would take military action in order to prevent the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine.
1960
Madalyn Murray (later O'Hair) filed suit in the Baltimore to force the end of required Bible readings and recitations of the Lord's Prayer in public schools.
1960
Argued: McGowan v. Maryland
The Supreme Court would rule that Maryland's Sunday closing laws had evolved into furthering secular ends and therefore did not violate the Establishment Clause.
1960
Argued: Braunfeld v. Brown
An Orthodox Jew challenged Pennsylvania's blue laws, but by a 6-3 vote with Chief Justice Warren writing the majority opinion, the Supreme Court would declare them constitutional.
1965
After four years of work, the Second Vatican Council officially ended.
1971
Argued: Wisconsin v. Yoder
The Supreme Court would decide 6 to 1 that the compulsory education law in Wisconsin did indeed violate the Free Exercise Clause for Amish parents.
1972
Voters in the Republic of Ireland elected to abolish the special constitutional position of the Roman Catholic Church.
1981
Decided: Widmar v. Vincent
Should religious student groups be given the same access to university facilities as secular student groups, or would that mean that the university is exhibiting support and/or encouragement to religious beliefs? According to the Supreme Court, all groups must be treated equally, including religious organizations.
1987
Argued: Employment Division of Oregon v. Smith
Justice Scalia would write the majority opinion for the Court, which upheld the Oregon law against drug use - even for religious reasons.
1995
A six-year-old boy was anointed as Tibetan Buddhism's 10th Panchen Lama.
2006
Buddhists celebrate Bodhi Day
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