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0306
Marcellus I was elected pope.
1215
The Fourth Lateran Council ended its final session.
1259
Pope Alexander IV confirms the policy of using torture to elicit confessions, first authorized by Pope Innocent IV in his Bull Ad exstirpanda. In Ad exstirpanda Innocent IV wrote: "When those adjudged guilty of heresy have been given up to the civil power by the bishop or his representative, or the Inquisition, the podest or chief magistrate of the city shall take them at once, and shall, within five days at the most, execute the laws made against them. " Innocent IV had also ordered that this Bull and corresponding regulations of Frederick II be entered in every city among the municipal statutes under pain of excommunication, a punishment also visited on those who failed to follow the papal and imperial decrees.
1406
Gregory XII was elected pope.
1554
For a short time during the reign of Mary Tudor, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, Roman Catholicism was restored to England. Known as "Bloody Mary" for her brutal repression of the English Reformation, she had Thomas Cranmer and nearly 300 other Protestant leaders burned at the stake.
1774
Political essayist Thomas Paine arrived in America.
1830
Pope Pius VIII died.
1874
The first Old Catholic church opens in Berlin.
1909
Argued: Weems v. United States
In a case from the Philippines, the Supreme Court would find that the definition of "cruel and unusual punishment" is not limited to what the authors of the Constitution understood under that concept.
1987
Argued: Lyng v. Northwest Indian CPA
By a 5-3 vote the Supreme Court would allow a road to be built through sacred Indian lands. The Court did acknowledge that the road would in fact be devastating to their religious practice, but simply found this to be regrettable.
2006
Feast Day for Saint Andrew.
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