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0336
Pope Mark died.
1448
Battle of Kosovo: John Hunyadi leads Hungarian forces but is defeated by the more numerous Turks.
1571
Battle of Lepanto (Aynabakhti): Muslim Turks commanded by Ali Pasha are defeated in the Gulf of Corinth by an alliance of European forces (The Holy League) under the command of Don Juan of Austria. This is the biggest naval battle in the world since the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE. The Turks lose at least 200 ships, devastating their naval forces. The morale of European Christians is significantly raised while that of Turks and Muslims is lowered. At least 30,000 soldiers and sailors die in about three hours, more casualties than in any other naval battle in history. The battle does not, however, result in any major territorial or political shifts. The famous Spanish author Cervantes participates in the battle and is wounded in his right hand.
1885
Physicist Niels Bohr was born.
1897
Elijah Mohammed, Black Muslim leader. was born.
1938
The passports of all German Jews were required to have a "J" stamped in them starting on this date.
1958
Potter Stewart is nominated to the Supreme Court.
1958
Pakistani President Iskander Mirza declares martial law and annuls the Constitution.
1959
Ba'athist rebels attempt a coup against Iraqi leader General Abd-al-Karim Qassim, but they fail. Qassim was injured and the driver of his car was killed. Later 78 Ba'athists were tried for their parts in the plot but one of them, Saddam Hussein, escaped from Iraq to Syria.
1985
Palestinian terrorists hijacked the Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro after it left Egypt. They murdered 69-year-old American Leon Klinghoffer and attempted to escape in an Egyptian plane which was forced to land in Sicily by American F-14 fighter planes.
2001
The United States began its military campaign to destroy the Taliban in Afghanistan and capture or kill as many members of Osama bin Laden's Al Qaeda organization as possible.
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