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0869
The Fourth Council of Constantinople (8th ecumenical council) opened under Pope Adrian II in the West and Emperor Basil I in the East. During its six sessions, the council condemned iconoclasm. This would be the last ecumenical council held in the East, but it has never been accepted by the Orthodox Church which instead recognizes the council of 0880 that supported Photius. The council of 0869 was convened at the suggestion of Basil I, the new Byzantine emperor, to confirm the restoration of St. Ignatius of Constantinople to the see that Photius had resigned. Photius had already been condemned, without a hearing, at a Roman synod. At Constantinople his defense was cut short, and when he refused to sign his own condemnation, he was excommunicated. The result of these councils was to intensify the bitterness between East and West.
1703
Jonathan Edwards, American theologian and philosopher, was born.
1713
Denis Diderot was born. A French empiricist and supporter of the scientific method, Diderot's Encyclopedie, was one of the more influential works of the Enlightenment.
1941
Louis D. Brandeis, the first Jewish Supreme Court Justice, died at the age of 84.
1953
Earl Warren was sworn in as the 14th Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
1989
Jim Bakker was convicted of using his television show to defraud his viewers.
1990
Meir Kahane, founder of Jewish Defense League, is assassinated at the age of 58.
1994
In two villages in Switzerland, 48 members of the obscure and secret religious sect "The Order of the Solar Temple" are found dead.
2003
Israel begins bombing what it labels a "Palestinian terrorist camp" located around 10 miles northwest of Damascus, capital of Syria.
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