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1045
Sylvester III was elected pope. Today he is regarded as an antipope.
1168
Italian antipope Paschal III died.
1187
Saladin and his forces arrive outside of Jerusalem and prepare to assault the city. Defense of Jerusalem is led by Balian of Ibelin. Balian had escaped capture at Hattin and Saladin personally gave permission for him to enter Jerusalem in order to retrieve his wife and children. Once there, however, the people beg him to stay and take up their defense - a defense that consists of three knights, if one includes Balain himself. Everyone else had been lost in the disaster at Hattin. Balian not only gains Saladin's permission to stay, but Saladin also ensures that his wife and children are given safe conduct out of the city and taken to safety in Tyre. Actions like this help ensure Saladin's reputation in Europe as an honorable and chivalrous leader.
1378
The "Great Schism of the West" begins when the election of Pope Urban VI to the papacy is challenged by French cardinals, who in turn elect Clement VII to the same office. Clement becomes known as the "antipope" and resides in Avignon. Both Rome and Avignon would have rival popes for the next 40 years.
1870
Pope Pius IX surrendered to King Victor Emmanuel. With this, the Papal States came under the control of Italian troops and Italy was united into a single nation.
1918
With the conclusion of the Bolshevik Revolution Russia, the new government begins to confiscate all church property and prohibit religious instruction in public schools.
1944
Joseph Ratzinger, the future Pope Benedict XVI, joins a regular army unit that is assigned to a camp where the borders of Austria, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia met.
Do you have any suggestions for additions to this date? If so, you are encouraged to write and say so - the more information that can be added, the more complete and informative the calendar will be.
