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Events which occured at some point during the month of August:
0755
Abd al-Rahman of the Umayyad dynasty flees to Spain to escape the Abbasids and would be responsible for creating the "Golden Caliphate" in Spain.
1096
A group from the Peasants' Crusade is besieged at Xerigordon and forced to surrender. Everyone is given a choice of beheading or conversion. Those who convert in order to avoid beheading are sent into slavery and never heard from again.
1101
First Battle of Ramleh: An Egyptian army under emir Sa'ad ed-Daula al-Qawasi is defeated by Baldwin I, though at the cost of nearly half his knights. The two forces had spent the entire summer facing off against each other, neither side willing to initiate action. Only after more reinforcements arrived from Egypt did Baldwin decide to act. With around 260 knights and fewer than 1000 infantry he charged Muslim positions defended by around 10,000 soldiers. Gripped by panic the Egyptians fled after they nearly won and Baldwin chased them all the way back to Ascalon.
1108
Bohemond of Taranto surrenders to the Greeks.
1131
Count Fulk of Anjoy is crowned the third king of Jerusalem.
1163
Amalric I, king of Jerusalem, launches his first invasion of Egypt. He manages to get as far as the Nile, but is turned back by the flooding.
1174
Count Raymond of Tripoli is named regent of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Raymond is not a popular choice. Although supported by many barons, the Hospitallers, and others, he is opposed by the Templars and other influential families like the Lusignans. These divisions would plague the Crusaders states and contribute to their eventual downfall.
1189
Danish and Frisian war ships arrive at Acre to participate in the siege by blockading the city by sea.
1211
Raymond of Toulouse leads an attack Simon de Monfort at Castelnaudary. Monfort is able to escape, but Castelnaudary falls to the Cathars and Raymond goes on to liberate over thirty Cathar towns in the province of Toulouse before his counter-Crusade peters out at Lastours.
1277
With the arrival of the Vicar of Charles of Anjou in Acre, the Kingdom of Jerusalem is split.
1570
Luis de Requesens, vice-admiral for king Philip II of Austria, leads a campaign into Alpujarras that ends the Morisco uprising by devastating the entire countryside.
1875
The Russian government begins to take steps to repress the nihilist movement.
1877
Friedrich Nietzsche returned to Basel to finish his book Human, All Too Human.
1877
John Taylor, chief of the twelve apostles of the Mormon church, assumes the role of president.
1888
With his book The Case of Wagner complete, Friedrich Nietzsche began to write The Antichrist.
1893
Friedrich Nietzsche's sister Elisabeth returned from Paraguay and began work on the Nietzsche Archive.
1947
Catholic parents in St. Louis seek a court injunction against Archbishop Joseph E. Ritter's order that Catholic schools in his jurisdiction admit black students.
1961
General Abd-al-Karim Qassim rejected efforts to establish political autonomy for Kurds in northern Iraq and launched a major military campaign against them.
1965
A full-scale war is underway between India and Pakistan. Although war is not official declared, the conflict involves their armies, air forces, and even their navies.
1972
The Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Netherlands rules that lesbians and gays could serve as pastors, becoming the first European Christian denomination to do so. Many other Protestant churches would issue similar rulings in the following decades.
1982
Christian militias in Lebanon massacre Palestinians in refugee camps in southern Lebanon.
1986
Archbishop Raymond G. Hunthausen of Seattle revealed that he had been stripped by the Vatican of the authority to make decision in matters such as liturgy, ministry to homosexuals, training of priests, annulments, and moral issues in church medical institutions. Authority in these areas was turned over to Auxiliary Bishop Donald. W. Wuerl. Much of Hunthausen's authority was restored after a special bishops' commission in May, 1987.
1986
Bishop Desmond Tutu was installed as archbishop of Cape Town, South Africa, and thus leader of the Anglican Church in southern Africa - the first black to ever hold his post.
1987
Pat Robertson resigns his ordination as a Southern Baptist minister and severs his ties with the Christian Broadcasting Network, arguing that such religious affiliations are inappropriate for a presidential candidate.
1988
In an apostolic letter, Pope John Paul II upheld the basic equality between men and women, arguing that the traditional dominance of men in society was simply a result of original sin which all people should strive to overcome. At the same time, though, he defined women solely by the "vocations" of motherhood and virginity; by denying them any other identity, he not only excluded them from greater roles within the Roman Catholic Church, he also validated their continued discrimination in society.
1995
At the age of 36, Lisa McPherson officially becomes "clear." For Scientologists this is a condition which they believe makes them free of social or psychological inhibitions created by painful memories in the subconscious. Over the previous 13 years McPherson had spent tens of thousands of dollars on Scientology counseling to reach this state, but she would later die under mysterious circumstances while in the care of the Church of Scientology. Her estate initiated in a seven-year long civil lawsuit that was finally settled out of court before the trial could begin in 2004.
1999
More than 100 academics and intellectuals sign the Humanist Manifesto 2000, denying that "religious piety is the sole guarantee of moral virtue" and noting that "theists and transcendentalists have been both for and against slavery, the caste system, war, capital punishment and monogamy."
1999
Speaking at a high school in Des Moines, Iowa, Republican presidential candidate Steve Forbes and editor of Forbes magazine tells the students that the Ten Commandments should be displayed in all schools because they are "the basis for this civilization. The Koran is not the basis of this civilization; the Ten Commandments are. If you went to, say, a country that has the Muslim religion, and you go to a school, you might expect to see the Koran there, you wouldn't be surprised. It's part of their culture. It's the same thing here."
2003
Alan Harre, president of Valparaiso University, and Joseph Cunningham, the school's pastor, "repented" to the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod. A Lutheran school in Indiana, Valparaiso had hosted a religious service in 2002 to commemorate the first anniversary of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and had included Jewish and Muslim clerics who led prayers. This, according to Lutheran leaders, constituted a form of syncretism, and the two school officials were forced to ask for forgiveness for their transgression.
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