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1181
Pope Alexander III died. Alexander convened the Third Lateran Council.
1221
Battle of al-Mansura: Crusaders under the command of Cardinal Pelagius, Papal Legate, are defeated in the Nile Delta and are forced to surrender. The Crusaders had been offered control of Jerusalem and other Christian sites in Palestine in exchange for the return of Damietta, but Cardinal Pelagius refuses and turns a potential victory into a stunning defeat that effectively ends the Fifth Crusade.
1464
Paul II was elected pope. Paul was not popular among the humanists because of his repression of scholars and suppression of the Roman academy.
1682
William Penn sailed from England to established the colony of Pennsylvania.
1831
Charles Darwin was asked to travel on the HMS Beagle.
2002
Raksha Bandhan: Hindu festival honoring the relationship between brothers and sisters.
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