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0117
Roman emperor Marcus Trajan dies at the age of 65. Originally tolerant toward Christianity, Trajan gradually began to persecute the Christians. It was during his rule that Apostolic Father Ignatius of Antioch was martyred.
0768
Stephen III was elected pope.
1106
Heinrich IV, Holy Roman Emperor, died in Liege, Lorraine. Heinrich's conflicts with the pope, known as the Investiture Conflict, played an important role in the developing relationship between church and state in medieval Europe.
1209
During the Crusader siege of Carcassonne the city's access to water is cut off. Raymond-Roger de Trencavel attempts to negotiate but is taken prisoner while under a flag of truce.
1316
John XXII was elected pope. John is known for centralizing church power (through the appointment of bishops) and centralizing church finances (through the imposition of papal taxes).
1409
The Council of Pisa was closed. Convened to end the Great Schism of the West (1378-1417) caused by two rival popes, the Council in fact elected a third pope, Alexander V(afterwards regarded as an antipope).
1789
The Northwest Ordinance signed into law by President George Washington.
1814
Pope Pius VI restored the Society of Jesus (Jesuits).
1882
American philosopher George Plimpton Adams was born in Northboro, Massachusetts.
1928
Magician and skeptic James "Amazing" Randi is born in Toronto, Ontario.
1995
Two of Saddam Hussein's sons-in-law, Lt. Gen. Hussein Kamil and Saddam Kamil defected to Jordan with Saddam's daughters. Hussein had been in charge of Iraqi development of Weapons of Mass Destruction and brings along with him extensive evidence of development of banned weapons.
1996
Argued: ACLU v. Schundler
The Third Circuit Court would rule that a holiday display with a menorah, a creche, and a holiday tree was unconstitutional. However, the addition of a sign indicating a secular purpose to the display made it constitutional.
2003
A terrorist bomb explodes outside the Jordanian embassy in Baghdad, Iraq, killing 11 and wounding at least 40 others.
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