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Events which occured at some point during the month of August:
1094
The Almoravids from Morocco land near Cuarte and lay siege to Valencia with 50,000 men. El Cid, however, breaks the siege and forces the Almoravids to flee - the first Christian victory against the hard-fighting Africans.
1096
Godfrey De Bouillon, the Margrave of Antwerp and a direct descendant of Charlemagne, sets off to join the First Crusade at the head of an army of at least 40,000 soldiers. Godfrey is the brother of Baldwin of Boulogne (the future Baldwin I of Jerusalem).
1097
Godfrey De Bouillon temporarily occupies the Seljuk city of Iconium.
1099
Records indicate that Peter the Hermit, principal leader of the failed Peasants' Crusade, serves as leader of the supplicatory processions in Jerusalem which occur prior to the battle of Ascalon.
1101
Battle of Heraclia: Turks under Kilij Arslan I are able to halt the advance of the final waves of Crusading armies from Europe traveling to reinforce the new Crusader States in Syria.
1157
A strong earthquake hits Syria. Through the previous couple of years, numerous earthquakes had been recorded all through the Levant.
1176
Saladin besieges the city of Masyaf.
1185
Normans lay siege to and sack Thessalonica, a Greek Christian city.
1186
Baldwin V, young king of Jerusalem, dies of an illness. His mother, Sibylla, sister of King Baldwin IV, is crowned Queen of Jerusalem by Joscelin of Courtenay and her husband, Guy of Lusignan, is crowned King. This is contrary to the previous king's will. The forces of Raymond of Tripoli are based in Nablus and Raymond himself is in Tiberias; as a consequence, the entire kingdom is effectively split in two and chaos reigns.
1188
Henry II Plantagenet of England and Philip II of France meet again in France and nearly come to blows over their various political disagreements.
1191
Richard I Lionheart takes the large Crusader army and marches down the coast of Palestine.
1198
Pope Innocent III proclaims the launch of the Fourth Crusade.
1210
Crusaders in southern France trying to root out the Cathar movement lay siege to the town of Termes.
1229
Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen arrives at a peace treaty with Pope Gregory IX.
1255
The last Cathar stronghold - an isolated fort at Queribus - is captured.
1258
Death of Theodore II Lascaris, Byzantine emperor (Empire of Nicaea). He is succeeded by John IV Lascaris, just eight years old. Michael Palaeologus is made regent and later he makes himself co-emperor as Michael VIII.
1291
Crusaders are forced to evacuate their fortresses at Tortosa and Chateau Pelerin.
1480
Mehmed II Conqueror sends a fleet commanded by Gedik Ahmed Pasha westward. It captures the Italian port city of Otranto. Further incursions into Italy ends with the death of Mehmed and fighting among his sons over the leadership of the Ottoman Empire. Had the Turks pressed forward, it is likely that they would have conquered most of Italy with little trouble, a feat accomplished by the French a few years later in 1494 and 1495. Had this occurred at this time, just as the Renaissance was getting off the ground, the history of the world would have been dramatically different.
1648
Death of Ibrahim I, sultan of the Ottoman Empire, who is strangled by his own Janissaries. He is succeeded by his son, Mehmed IV, who is just 6 years old.
1876
Friedrich Nietzsche began work on book Human, All Too Human.
1878
Friedrich Nietzsche fell ill and was attacked by Wagner in the Bayreuther Blaetter through the following month.
1881
Friedrich Nietzsche got the initial ideas for his book Zarathustra and developed the concept of the eternal return. Material originally intended for The Dawn was worked into The Gay Science.
1882
Friedrich Nietzsche's book The Gay Science was published.
1884
William Booth, founder of the Salvation Army, sets forth his principles: he opposes sectarianism, promotes the gospel, and seeks the reform of alcoholics.
1886
Friedrich Nietzsche's book Beyond Good and Evil was first published.
1918
E.V. Starr is tried and convicted in Montana of sedition. Starr had been accosted by a mod which demanded that he kiss the American flag. Starr refused, reportedly saying "What is this thing anyway? Nothing but a piece of cotton with a little paint on it and some other marks in the corner there. I will not kiss that thing. It might be covered with microbes." Starr is sentenced to 10-20 years of hard labor in a state penitentiary as well as fined $500 plus court costs.
1965
James A. Pike, Episcopalian Bishop of San Francisco, is charged by thirteen ultraconservative clergymen from Arizona with heresy. Pike, a liberal, is accused of denying the Virgin Birth and of denying the triune nature of God. Concerned about what a heresy trial might do to the Episcopal Church , a theological committee ignores the heresy charges but reprimands Pike for using women as deacons who had the authority to distribute consecrated wine and bread at Communion.
1965
Pakistani militants slip into Kashmir in support of what they called an uprising against Indian rule.
1971
Manomia Evans and Donna Burkett apply for marriage licenses in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin. They were denied the license after the county clerk obtained an opinion on the matter from county lawyers. The couple sued but lost in court.
1972
Gallup polls revealed that 64 percent of the general public and 56 percent of Roman Catholics in America favored leaving the decision about an abortion to a woman and her doctor.
1987
In New Hampshire, a United Methodist Church court suspended Rose Mary Denman, a lesbian minister, because she violated a church rule which prohibited practicing homosexuals from being in the clergy.
1994
Molly Marshall, the first woman to achieve tenure at the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville, Kentucky, was forced to resign after accusations of her promoting liberal doctrines.
1999
Archbishop Spyridon, the first American-born archbishop of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America, resigns after he is denounced by both lay leaders and other bishops for what they described as his authoritarian style.
Do you have any suggestions for additions to this date? If so, you are encouraged to write and say so - the more information that can be added, the more complete and informative the calendar will be.
