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Events which occured at some point during the month of July:
330 BCE
Darius III, king of Persia, is assassinated by Bessus.
1074
El Cid marries Jimena, niece of Alfonso IV of Castile and daughter of the Count of Oviedo.
1119
A Muslim army is assembled under the command of Ilghazi, Turkish Emir of Mardin, and the Emir of Damascus.
1137
An army under the command of Count Fulk of Anjoy, King of Jerusalem, is ambushed by Muslim forces commanded by Imad ad-Din Zengi. Count Raymond of Tripoli is killed, but Count Fulk is able to escape to the Crusader castle of Montferrand which Zengi had been besieging. Unable to get help in time, Fulk surrenders Montferrand to Zengi in return for the freedom of all the Crusaders there.
1164
A joint army of Egyptians and Franks besiege Shirkun in Bilbeis.
1188
Saladin agrees to release Guy of Lusignan, king of Jerusalem, who had been captured at the Battle of Hattin a year before. Guy is under oath not to take up arms against Saladin again, but he manages to find a priest who declares the oath to an infidel invalid. The Marquis William of Montferrat is released at the same time.
1221
Crusaders under the command of Cardinal Pelagius set out for Cairo.
1222
Raymond of Toulouse, defender of the Cathars against the Crusaders, dies and his son Raymond takes over for him.
1291
The Mamluks capture Beirut and Sidon.
1442
Hungarian national hero John Hunyadi defeats a large Turkish army, thus ensuring the liberation of Wallachia and Moldavia.
1521
Ottoman Turks under Suleiman the Magnificent capture the Hungarian town of Sabac, killing the entire garrison.
1570
On orders from Selim II, Ottoman sultan, Turkish forces commanded by Kara Mustafa land on Cyprus with the intent of reconquering it. Most of the island falls relatively quickly and thousands are massacred. Only Famagusta, ruled by governor Macantonia Bragadion from Venice, holds out for about a year.
1873
Friedrich Nietzsche dictated his essay "On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense".
1925
Lela Scopes, sister of John Scopes who was tried in Dayton, Tennessee for violating a law against teaching evolution in public schools, was fired from her job teaching mathematics in Paducah, Kentucky, partly because of her brother's case and partly because she herself refused to renounce evolution.
1963
The Supreme Court of New York rules 4-3 the Henry Miller's novelized autobiography "Tropic of Cancer" is obscene.
1984
Jerry Falwell was forced to pay gay activist Jerry Sloan $5,000 after losing a court battle. During a TV debate in Sacramento, Falwell falsely denied calling the gay-oriented Metropolitan Community Churches "brute beasts" and "a vile and Satanic system" that will "one day be utterly annihilated and there will be a celebration in heaven." When Sloan insisted he had a tape, Falwell promised $5,000 if he could produce it. Sloan did, Falwell refused to pay, and Sloan successfully sued. Falwell appealed, with his attorney alleging that the Jewish judge in the case was prejudiced. Falwell lost again and was forced to pay an additional $2,875 in sanctions and court fees.
1993
Under direct orders issued personally by Pope John Paul II, the last Carmelite nun moved out of a convent adjacent to the former Nazi extermination camp at Auschwitz, Poland. The presence of a Catholic convent at this site had been a point of serious contention between Jewish and Catholic leaders for several years.
1994
Rev. Jeanne Audrey Powers, a prominent leader in the United Methodist Church, became the highest ranking member of that denomination to announce that she was gay. According to Powers, she took that step as "an act of public resistance to false teachings that have contributed to heresy and homophobia within the church itself."
1995
In Israel, seven prominent rabbis declared that it was contrary to Jewish law for any Israeli solider to eject an Israeli settler from their land.
1997
During its General Convention in Philadelphia, the Episcopal Church rejects a proposal to recognize same-sex marriages but does agree to apologize for "years of rejection and maltreatment by the church."
1999
The Israeli Supreme Court rules that Israeli citizens can choose either secular or religious dates for their tombstones, thus limiting the power of Orthodox rabbis.
1999
The Roman Catholic Church orders Sister Jeannine Gramick and Rev. Robert Nugent to halt their ministry to gays and lesbians because the two refused to condemn homosexual acts as "intrinsically evil."
1999
Pope John Paul II describes hell as a "state of those who freely and definitively separate themselves from God" rather than as a physical place.
2001
Declaring them to be contrary to Islamic law, the Taliban in Afghanistan banned the Internet, playing cards, computer discs, movies, satellite TV, musical instruments, and chessboards.
2003
The Vatican releases a document entitled "Considerations Regarding Proposals to Give Legal Recognition to Unions Between Homosexual Persons," condemning efforts to legalize gay marriages and calling on Catholic lawmakers to black any such legislation: "To vote in favor of a law so harmful to the common good is gravely immoral." Adoption of children by gay couples is also soundly condemned.
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