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0767
Pope Paul I dies.
1098
Battle of Orontes: Following the Holy Lance "discovery" in Antioch, the Crusaders drive back a Turkish army under the command of Emir Kerboga, Attabeg of Mosul, sent to recapture the city. This battle is generally regarded as having been decided by morale because the Muslim army, split by internal dissent, numbers 75,000 strong but is defeated by a mere 15,000 tired and poorly equipped Crusaders.
1228
Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen officially (and finally) sets forth on a Crusade.
1476
Pope Paul IV is born. Paul became so unpopular that, after he died, a mob stormed the Inquisition and tore down his statue.
1519
Charles V was elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. During his reign from 1519 to 1556, he officially pronounced Martin Luther an outlaw and heretic.
1712
French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau is born.
1836
James Madison dies in Montpelier, Virginia.
1971
Decided: Lemon v. Kurtzman
The Supreme Court ruled unanimously that the direct government assistance to religious schools was unconstitutional.
1986
The American Psychiatric Association eliminated the last clinical diagnostic category referring to homosexuality, "ego-dystonic homosexuality" from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
1991
Thurgood Marshall, the first black Supreme Court Justice, retired from the Supreme Court.
2000
Decided: Mitchell v. Helms
The Supreme Court ruled that educational materials and equipment could be given to religious schools, even if such equipment could be and is diverted for religious purposes - so long as this aid is granted to any religious or private school in an even-handed manner.
2001
Decided: Williams v. Lara
The Texas Supreme Court decided that an "all fundamentalist" prison section was unconstitutional, even though the prisoners volunteered to be there where other religious beliefs were excluded.
2004
In a 6-3 ruling, the United States Supreme Court holds that enemy combatants" can challenge the basis for their detentions, even though they may also be held without charges or trial during the process.
2004
Paul Bremer formally hands power over to Iraqis during a ceremony in Baghdad.
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