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0678
Agatho is elected pope.
1119
Battle of the Field of Blood (Ager Sanguinis): Muslim forces defeat Roger of Antioch and a Frankish army at Aleppo. Baldwin II comes to try to save as many as he can.
1844
Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum were killed by a mob in Carthage, Illinois. Smith was the founder of the Mormon Church and the mob was outraged, in part, over Smith's recent authorization of polygamous marriages.
1869
Emma Goldman was born in Kovno, Lithuania. Goldman was an advocate of both freethought and anarchism.
1952
Congress passed the McCarren-Walter Immigration bill over President Truman's veto.
1977
Joseph Ratzinger, the future Pope Benedict XVI was named a cardinal. In 1981 he would become the Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (the current name of the Inquisition), President of the Pontifical Biblical Commission, and President of the International Theological Commission.
1993
In retaliation for an assassination attempt against former American president George Bush, the United States launches air strikes against known bases of the Iraq intelligence service.
1994
Decided: Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School v. Grumet
The Supreme Court found that a school district boundary was unconstitutionally drawn to deliberately aid a particular religious group.
2002
Decided: Zelman v. Simmons
The Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that a Cleveland, Ohio, program which spends large amounts of public money on subsidizing education at religious schools is constitutional.
2002
Reversed: Pottawatomie County vs. Earls
How much latitude does a public school have in restricting a student's rights? Can schools force all students to submit to random drug testing merely as a condition of attendance? Can they force all students who participate in activities like band or soccer to submit to random drug testing?
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