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0656
'Uthman ibn Affan, the third caliph of Islam dies.
1219
French prince Louis, the future Louis VIII and son of king Philippe II, joins the siege of Toulouse in the crusade against the Cathars.
1226
Cathar-held Carcassonne surrenders to king Louis VIII.
1456
Pope Callistus III declared Joan of Arc to be innocent on the charges of heresy and witchcraft, for which she had been burned at the stake in 1431.
1612
Birth of Murad IV, future sultan of the Ottoman Empire and brother of Osman II.
1846
Pope Pius IX is elected pope.
1863
Friedrich Schumann was born. Schumann's research into the relationships between parts and wholes in human sensation was an early influence on the development of Gestalt psychology.
1950
The Turkish government annulled an 18-year-old law banning the Muslim call to prayer be given in Arabic, signaling a slight move away from the radical secularism that characterized Turkish policies over the previous decades.
1977
Decided: Trans World Airlines v. Hardison
The Supreme Court decided 7-2 that TWA went far enough in attempting to accommodate Hardison's religious beliefs and that the company was justified in firing him when he refused to comply with his work assignments.
1997
The U.S. Supreme Court upheld a Montana law requiring that abortions be performed only by physicians and not their assistants.
2002
Padre Pio was canonized by Pope John Paul II. A controversial figure in the Catholic Church, Pio was famous for the stigmata he had on his hands and feet.
2006
Sikhs commemorate the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev.
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