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0535
Pope John II died.
0615
Pope Boniface IV died.
0685
Pope Benedict II died.
1521
During the Diet of Worms, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V signed a secret pact with Pope Leo X to declare war on France.
1721
Michelangiolo dei Conti was elected Pope Innocent XIII.
1873
John Stuart Mill died.
1899
Economist and political philosopher Freidrich A. von Hayek was born in Vienna, Austria.
1915
Henry McNeal Turner, bishop for the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church, died in Windsor, Ontario, Canada
1936
Oswald Spengler, German philosopher and historian, died in Munich, Germany.
1963
A religious crisis began in Vietnam when the Diem government, controlled by a Roman Catholic family, broke up demonstrations in the city of Hue. Buddhists were protesting the government's bans of flags and parades celebrating the birthday of the Buddha. Reports placed the number of deaths at 11.
1981
The United States Air Force informed Simcha Goldman, an Orthodox Jew, that he was no longer permitted to wear a yarmulke because it violated the military dress code. Goldman challenged this decision in the courts in a case which became known as Goldman v. Weinberger.
1988
Robert Anson Heinlein dies.
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