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0116
Pope Alexander I is believed to have been martyred by decapitation on the Via Nomentana in Rome.
0996
Gregory V was elected pope.
1455
Jews were forced to flee Spain.
1469
Italian political philosopher Niccolo dei Machiavelli was born.
1481
Death of Mehmed II, the Ottoman sultan who had succeed in capturing Constantinople.
1512
Pope Julius II officially opened the Fifth Lateran Council. Because it took place over the course of twelve sessions which lasted through 1517, the council would continue under the leadership of Pope Leo X following Julius' death in 1513.
1675
Massachusetts passed a law that required church doors to be locked during services - evidently to keep people from leaving before the long sermons were finished.
1758
Pope Benedict XIV died
1898
Golda Meir, Prime Minister of Israel from 1964-1974, was born.
1942
The Nazi occupation government required Dutch Jews to begin wearing a Jewish star.
1943
Decided: Douglas v. City of Jeanette
The Supreme Court refused to prevent the City of Jeannette, Pennsylvania, from threatening prosecution of Jehovah's Witnesses who were violating a law requiring the licensing of people selling books even while that law was being challenged before the Supreme Court.
1943
Decided: Jones v. Opelika II
The Supreme Court ruled the practice of charging a flat fee for people distributing literature was unconstitutional. The freedom of press was not to be restricted only to those who can afford to pay the licensing fee.
1943
Decided: Murdock v. Pennsylvania
The Supreme Court ruled that a Jeanette ordinance requiring solicitors to purchase a license from the borough was an unconstitutional tax on the Jehovah's Witnesses' right to freely exercise their religion.
1961
French philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty died at the age of 53.
1997
Pope John Paul II beatifies Ceferino Jimenez Malla, the first Roma (Gypsy) to receive such a distinction. Also known as "El Pele," Malla was a horse trader who was shot by Republican forces in Spain by a firing squad during the Spanish Civil War.
1999
Decided: Combs v. Central Texas Annual The Fifth Circuit Court ruled that a church could not be sued for gender discrimination after a female pastor was fired.
2000
Cardinal John O'Connor died in New York City.
2003
Syrian president Bashar al-Assad begins shutting down the offices of militant Palestinian groups in order to help foster a new peace process.
2004
An Egyptian court refuses a request from an Egyptian movie producer to allow him to create an Egyptian-Israeli friendship organization. According to the court: "Egyptian society does not need a friendship association with Israel. The Egyptian public and Arabs do not need such false friendships, as demonstrated by the attacks on the Palestinian people."
2006
Feast Day for Saint Philip.
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