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0799
Pope Leo III was attacked by supporters of his predecessor, Pope Adrian I.
1050
Pope Leo IX held an Easter Synod to discuss the teachings of Berengar of Tours.
1154
Because European Crusaders had laid siege to the city in 1148 despite the existence of a truce with them, citizens of Damascus decide that the Crusaders could no longer be trusted and hand control over to Nur ad-Din Mahmud bin Zengi. In assuming control of this city, Nur ad-Din is able to unite all of Muslim Syria. One of Nur ad-Din's lieutenants, Saladin (Salah-al-Din Yusuf ib-Ayyub), would rise to prominence in the coming conflicts.
1228
While in Palermo, Yolanda, Queen of Jerusalem, gives birth to Conrad, son of Frederick II of Hohenstaufen. The delivery is hard on the sixteen-year-old and she dies a few days later.
1530
The Augsburg Confession was read publicly at the Diet of Worms. Written mainly by Philip Melanchthon, it was the first official explanation of the Lutheran faith.
1599
Oliver Cromwell was born.
1792
English clergyman John Keble was born. Keble is credited with launching the Oxford Movement in 1833.
1886
Sigmund Freud opened a private medical practice in Vienna.
1906
Supreme Court justice William J. Brennan, Jr. was born in Newark, New Jersey.
1940
Argued: Minersville School District v. Gobitis
In an 8-1 decision, the Supreme Court ruled that a school district's interest in creating national unity was sufficient to allow them to require students to salute the flag.
1967
Governor John A. Love of Colorado signed the first liberalized abortion law (based upon a model created by the American Law Institute) in the United States, allowing abortion in cases of permanent mental or physical disability of either the child or mother or in cases of rape or incest. Similar laws would be passed in California, Oregon, and North Carolina.
1977
Argued: Wolman v. Walter
The Supreme Court would allow Ohio to provide standardized tests, therapeutic and diagnostic services to non-public school children. However, the state was not permitted to offer educational materials or subsidize class field trips.
1982
Captured in 1967, the Sinai Peninsula was returned by Israel to Egypt, as required by the 1979 Camp David Accord.
1982
Israel completed its withdrawal from the Sinai in accordance with the terms of the 1978 Camp David Treaty, returning that area to Egyptian control.
2006
Yom HaSho'ah: Jewish holiday dedicated to remembering victims of the Holocaust.
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