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0296
Pope Gaius died.
0536
Pope Agapitus I died.
1073
Gregory VII was elected pope. Gregory undertook important reforms in the Church, one of the most important of which was his insistence on papal primacy over secular rulers when it came to the investiture of clergy. This, in turn, led to one of the most serious conflicts between church and state during the Middle Ages.
1509
Henry VIII became king of England.
1724
German philosopher Immanuel Kant was born.
1864
The motto "In God We Trust" first appeared on U.S. coins - specifically, the a bronze two-cent piece issued during the American Civil War.
1946
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Harlan Fiske Stone died at the age of 73 in Washington, D.C.
1957
Argued: Roth v. United States
The Supreme Court would rule that 'obscene' material has no protection under the First Amendment.
1968
Argued: Board of Education v. Allen
The Supreme Court would find that a New York Law requiring public school districts to purchase text books for private schools, including parochial schools, is permissible and not a violation of the Establishment Clause.
1980
Decided: Florey v. Sioux Falls School District
Roger Florey, an atheist, lost his suit against a local school district's holiday programs, claiming that singing of religious carols during Christmas concerts, like "Silent Night" and "O Come All Ye Faithful", were a violation of the separation of church and state.
1986
Mircea Eliade died in Chicago, Illinois.
2004
The Evangelical Lutheran Church is ordered to pay USD $37 million in a church sexual abuse case. This is the largest per capita settlement on record for such a case in the United States.
2005
Feast Day for Soter, twelfth pope.
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