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0399 BCE
Greek philosopher Socrates is thought to have been sentenced to death.
1113
The Knights Hospitaller receive formal papal recognition as a separate and independent monastic order. The Hospitallers would play an important role in the security of the Crusader states in the Middle East.
1145
Eugene III was elected pope.
1145
Pope Lucius II died.
1497
Philipp Melanchthon was born in Bretten, Germany. Melanchthon was a friend and one of the most important supporters of Martin Luther.
1564
Galileo Galilei was born.
1748
English philosopher Jeremy Bentham was born. Bentham was a social and political philosopher who proposed radical ideas about government, social organizations and human nature. He argued that the creation of the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people should be the basis for both personal ethics and state acts- as an ethical philosophy, this would come to be known as Utilitarianism.
1775
Pius VI was elected pope.
2003
Iran's Revolutionary Guard renewed a death sentence against author Salman Rushdie over his novel The Satanic Verses. The fatwa was originally issued by the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.
2003
Papal envoy Cardinal Roger Etchegaray and Monsignor Franco Coppola of the Vatican Secretariat of State meet in Iraq with Saddam Hussein. The two men had been sent by Pope John Paul II in an effort to find some way to prevent war between Iraq and the United States.
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