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1191
In order to quell a long-simmering feud, Richard I Lionheart and Tancred, king of Sicily, meet together at Catania.
1265
Clement IV was elected pope.
1528
The Protestant Reformation and secular opposition to the authority of the pope became officially established in Bern, Switzerland.
1555
The fifth and final Diet of Augsburg began. This diet eventually created the Peace of Augsburg, granting official recognition to Lutheranism as a religion.
1631
Roger Williams first arrived in North America. He would soon question the rigid religious policies in the Massachusetts colony, leading to his being banished to Rhode Island five years later. There he would create the first Baptist church in America.
1705
Philipp Jakob Spener died. Spener was the founder of Pietism, a German Protestant movement to move away from legalism and instead focus on believers' personal religious experiences.
1837
American evangelist Dwight L. Moody was born.
1947
The Jewish National Council in Palestine turned down a request that the help the British military locate Zionist terrorists. Irgun Zvai Leumi, one of the more violent and aggressive terrorist organizations, announces that they would "fight to the last breath" and never given in to British authority.
2003
Colin Powell, U.S. Secretary of State, delivers a speech before the United Nations Security Council in which he reveals U.S. intelligence that is supposed to provide "irrefutable and undeniable" proof that Iraq was continuing in the development of banned weapons of mass destruction. Important aspects of this "proof" are later revealed to be incorrect and misleading.
2004
Pakistani nuclear scientist Abdul Qadeer Khan publicly admitted that he had illegally transferred nuclear secrets to Iran, Libya and North Korea. He personally smuggled nuclear hardware on chartered planes, shared secret designs for the centrifuges that produce the enriched uranium necessary to develop a nuclear weapon, and gave personal briefings to nuclear scientists under the belief that greater nuclear proliferation around the world would "ease Western attention on Pakistan" and "help the Muslim cause" The investigation would expend to include seven nations - including Malaysia, South Africa, Japan, the United Arab Emirates, Germany and Pakistan. After a written apology from Khan, President Pervez Musharraf issues a formal pardon, but he also admitted that he had suspected Khan for at least three years . He blamed the United States for not giving him convincing proof of the activities of his own scientist.
2005
Saudi Arabia holds its first nationwide municipal elections. Only men are allowed to vote and only have of the members of the councils are elected; the rest are appointed by the Saudi monarchy.
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