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1099
Raymond of Toulouse leads the first contingents of Crusaders away from Antioch and towards Jerusalem. Bohemund disagrees with Raymond's plans and remains in Antioch with his own forces.
1128
At the Council of Troyes, the Templars receive the formal rules of their order, originally commissioned by St. Bernard, and are granted official recognition.
1208
Pierre de Castelnau, a papal legate in southern France who had been making some progress in converting Cathar heretics (also known as Albigensians) to orthodox Catholicism, is murdered. This sparks an outcry and, later this same year, a violent Crusade against the Cathar and the Waldenses in Southern France called by Pope Innocent III.
1635
Philip Jacob Spener, was born. Spener was the founder of Pietism, a German Protestant movement to move away from legalism and instead focus on believers' personal religious experiences.
1691
George Fox, the founder of the Society of Friends (Quakers), died at the age of 67.
1787
All witchcraft laws in Austria were repealed.
1842
The British army attempts to leave Kabul and retreat through the Khyber pass, but they are surprised there and slaughtered in great numbers. Of the 3,849 soldiers and approximately 12,000 camp followers, only Dr. Brydone and four or five Afghans survive.
1898
Emile Zola's J'accuse was published, exposing the Dreyfus affair.
1953
In Egypt, Major General Mohammed Naguib dissolved all political parties and postponed elections for three years. In June he would declare Egypt a republic with himself as President and Prime Minister. Lieutenant Colonel Gammal Abdel Nasser was named Deputy Premier.
1974
Under the leadership of Jim Bakker, the PTL Club began broadcasting in the United States.
1988
Decided: Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier
The United States Supreme Court ruled 5-3 that public school officials have the power to censor newspapers, plays ,and other expressive activities of students.
2004
Tom Hurndall, a British photographer and peace activist who was shot in the head by a soldier in the Israeli army the previous April, died of his injuries after spending the previous months in a vegetative state.
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